Electric ♦ * ♦ ♦ • 

TI)om^on-Hoa^ton Apparafa^. 






* 



GENERAL * • • « « * %v' 

• • • ELECTRIC Coi»\PAN*I. 
Boston, nass. New qorlj, N. *I. 



:\> 



GENERAL ELEGTRIG COMPANY. 



Electric Mghting Jland Book, flo. 1 ,..7.J 



The edition of this book is limited *and its issue to you 
is registered. 



tf-/^ J ' 



C 5k 



Electric Licrfytincr @ © 
® ® ® fiand P>°°^- 



COMPILED BY 



AND ISSUED BY 

^cireaa of Information, 
general Electric Company, 

BOSTON, MASS. 



First Edition 

Boston, 1892. 



7W" 




& 



Copyrighted 1892 by General Electric Company. 



GE^E^AIi FO^MtJ LiAE. 



. = current in amperes. 




. = electromotive force. 




L. = resistance in ohms. 




V. = energy in watts. 




&«■£, C.R. 


= E., R. = f 


C. E. = W. W. 


E. 2 

= R7 c - 2E - = 


W. 

746 = H - P - W - 


= 746 H. P. 



w. 



Formulae giving the volts or amperes necessary for a given 
horse power on circuits of constant current, and constant 
potential, respectively. 

746 H.P. 



(1) E. : 

(2) C. : 



C. X K. 
746 H.P. 



E. X K. 



E. = potential of circuit. 
C. = amperes. 
K. = efficiency of machine. 
H.P. = horse power. 



GENERAL FORMULA FOR INCANDESCENT 

WIRING. 

c. m. = circular mils. 

d. = length of wire, in feet, on one side of circuit, 
n. = number of lamps in multiple. 
. c. = current in amperes, per lamp, 
v. = volts lost in lines. 
r. = resistance per foot of wire to be used. 
10.8 ohms is the resistance of one mil-foot of commercial copper 
wire at 75° F. 

,.,, 10.8 X 2d. X n. X c. 

(1) c. m. = 

(2) r ' = n. X c X 2d. 

Formulae 1 and 2 may be used for feeders, mains, branch mains, 
service wires and inside work on the direct current system, and 
for secondary wiring on the alternating system. 



(3) 
(4) 



PRIMARY WIRING, ALTERNATING SYSTEM. 

10.8 X 2d. X c' 



c' X 2d. 
of = Total current in amperes on primary circuit. 

c" may be determined by dividing the total amount of current on 
the secondary circuits by the product of the ratio and efficiency 
of conversion. 

The ratio of conversion is 20 to 1 on 1000 volt apparatus and 
40 to 1 on 2000 volt apparatus when using 52 volts on secondaries. 

The efficiency of conversion is 95%. 

Thus: To find total current (c') required on 1000 volt primary 
circuit having 500-16 c. p. lamps on secondary: — 

Current required on sec. for a 16 c. p. 52 v. lamp is 1.04 amp. 

Current required on pri. for a 16 c. p. 52 v. lamp would be 

1.04 
^-^ = .0547 amp. 

Current required on primary for 500-16 c. p. 52 v. lamp would 
be 500 X .0547 = 27.35 amp. 

In determining the size of wire to be used for inside work, after 
finding the c. m. always refer to the table of "Safe Carrying 
Capacity 1 ' and see that the wire obtained by the formulae is suffi- 
ciently large to carry the current. If not, use larger wire 
regardless of percentage of loss. For line construction never use 
wire smaller than No. 8, B. & S. gauge. 



These formulae may be transposed to find v. — c. — n. — 2d. or 
c'. thus : 



(a) c. m. 

{/>) v. 
(J) n. 



Formula No. 2. 

{a) T ' ~ n. X c X 2d. 

(b) v. = n. X c X 2d. X r. (c) c. 



Formula No 
10.8 X 2d. X n. X c. 


. 1 

to 


c. 

2d. 


c. 


m. 


X 




v. 
10.8 X 2d. X n. 


X c. 


V. 


c. in. 
c. m. X v. 


~~ 10.8 X 2d. 
c. m. X 


X n. 
v. 


10.8 X 2d. X c 


10.8 


X 


c. 


X n. 



' 2d. X n. X r. 



c. X 2d. X r. w n. X c X r. 



(a) c. m. 
(c) c'. 



Formula 


No. 3. 




10.8 X 2d. X C. 
v. 


(*) v. 


10.8 X 2d. X c'. 
e. m. 


cm. X v. 

10.8 X 2d. 


(d) 2d. 


c. m. X v. 
— 10.8 X c'. 



Formula No. 4. 



(,,) r - = c'. X 2d. (l,) v.=r. XC. X2<1. 

w c '- = r^2d: <*> 2d -=5r^r 



For example : — If we wish to find the size of wire necessary 
when using 50-110 volt 16 c. p. lamps, 500 feet from the dynamo, 
allowing a loss of 3 volts in transmitting, we would proceed as 
follows: A 110 volt 16 c. p. lamp requires 0.58 amperes (see 
table on page 13) hence 50 X .58 = 29 amperes of current 
necessary, then 29 X 500 = 14500 ampere feet. Now referring 
to page 11, the nearest corresponding number under the column 
headed 3 (volts lost), we find the number 14790; following this 
line to the left we find under size wire, that No. is necessary 
for given loss of volts. In case we should care to lose 20 volts 
in transmitting we could use a No. 8 wire. 

Again, suppose we wish to transmit 70 amperes 1000 feet 
with a loss of 50 volts, we have 1000 X 70 = 70000 ampere 
feet; dividing this by 10 we have 7000. Also dividing volts 
lost by 10 we have 5. Now referring, as in the previous ex- 
ample, under column headed 5, we find the nearest number 
to 7000 is 7750, and as before we find the size wire to be 
No. 5. 



IT CORRESPONDING NUMBER 
/IRE. 





















).3 


0.25 


0.2 


0.15 


0.1 


0.05 


).6 


0.5 


0.4 


0.3 


0.2 


0.1 


1.2 


1.0 


0.8 


0.6 


0.4 


0.2 


2.7 


2.2 


1.8 


1.4 


0.9 


0.45 


5.2 


4.4 


3.5 


2.7 


1.8 


0.9 


).3 


8.8 


7.1 


5.5 


3.7 


1.9 






















Ai 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


280 


49400 


39520 


29640 


19760 


9880 


)40 


39200 


31360 


23520 


15680 


7840 


590 


31075 


24860 


18645 


12430 


6215 


580 


24650 


19720 


14790 


9860 


4930 


160 


19550 


15640 


11730 


7820 


3910 


>00 


15500 


12400 


9300 


6200 


3100 


T60 


12300 


9840 


7380 


4920 


2460 


TOO 


9750 


7800 


5850 


3900 


1950 


300 


7750 


6200 


4650 


3100 


1550 


380 


6150 


4920 


3690 


2460 


1230 


326 


3855 


3084 


2313 


1542 


771 


no 


2425 


1940 


1455 


970 


485 


330 


1525 


1220 


915 


610 


305 


L52 


960 


768 


576 


384 


192 


'26 


605 


484 


363 


242 


121 



refer to column of actual volts loss divided by 10, from 
whi 

ut 40 per cent. less. 



-COMBINATION WIRING TABLE.- 



MULTIPLY CURRENT IN AMPERES BY SINGLE DISTANCE AND REFER TO THE NEAREST CORRESPONDING NUMBER 
UNDER COLUMN OF ACTUAL VOLTS LOSS, TO FIND SIZE OF WIRE. 



















CE NT AGE 


OF LO 
































2000 


1.7 


1.5 


1.4 


1.2 


1.1 


1.0 


0.75 


0.5 


0.45 


0.4 


0.35 


0.3 


0.25 


0.2 


0.15 


0.1 


0.05 


1000 


3.4 


2.9 


2.7 


2.4 


2.2 


2.0 


1.5 


1.0 


0.9 


0.8 


0.7 


0.6 


0.5 


0.4 


0.3 


0.2 


0.1 


500 


6.5 


5.7 


5.2 


4.8 


4.3 


3.9 


2.9 


2.0 


1.8 


1.6 


1.4 


1.2 


1.0 


0.8 


0.6 


0.4 


0.2 


220 


13.7 


12.0 


11.0 


10.3 


9.3 


8.3 


6.5 


4.4 


3.9 


3.5 


3.1 


2.7 


2.2 


1.8 


1.4 


0.9 


0.45 


110 


- 


- 


20.0 


18.5 


17.0 


15.4 


12.0 


8.4 


7.6 


6.8 


6.0 


5.2 


4.4 


3.5 


2.7 


1.8 


0.9 


52 














22.4 


16.1 


14.7 


13.3 


11.8 


10.3 


8.8 


7.1 


5.5 


3.7 


1.9 



-ACTUAL VOLTS LOST.- 



^Carrying 
Capacity 
Amperes. 


Size 
B. &S. 


35 


30 


27.5 


25 


22.5 


20 


15 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


300 


0000 


345800 


296400 


271700 


247000 


222300 


197600 


148200 


98800 


88920 


79040 


69160 


59280 


49400 


39520 


29640 


19760 


9880 


245 


000 


274400 


235200 


215600 


196000 


176400 


156800 


117600 


78400 


70560 


62720 


54880 


47040 


39200 


31360 


23520 


15680 


7840 


215 


00 


217525 


186450 


170912 


155375 


139837 


124300 


93225 


62150 


55935 


49720 


43505 


37290 


31075 


24860 


18645 


12430 


6215 


190 





172550 


147900 


135575 


123250 


110925 


98600 


73950 


49300 


44370 


39440 


34510 


29580 


24650 


19720 


14790 


9860 


4930 


160 


1 


136850 


117300 


107525 


97750 


87975 


78200 


58650 


39100 


35190 


31280 


27370 


23460 


19550 


15640 


11730 


7820 


3910 


135 


2 


108500 


93000 


85250 


77500 


69750 


62000 


46500 


31000 


27900 


24800 


21700 


18600 


15500 


12400 


9300 


6200 


3100 


115 


3 


86100 


73800 


67650 


61500 


55350 


49200 


36900 


24600 


22140 


19680 


17220 


14760 


12300 


9840 


7380 


4920 


2460 


100 


4 


68250 


58500 


53625 


48750 


43875 


39000 


29250 


19500 


17550 


15600 


13650 


11700 


9750 


7800 


5850 


3900 


1950 


90 


5 


54250 


46500 


42625 


38750 


34875 


31000 


23250 


15500 


13950 


12400 


10850 


9300 


7750 


6200 


4650 


3100 


1550 


80 


6 


43050 


36900 


33825 


30750 


27675 


24600 


18450 


12300 


11070 


9840 


8610 


7380 


6150 


4920 


3690 


2460 


1230 


60 


8 


26985 


23130 


21202 


19275 


17347 


15420 


11565 


7710 


6939 


6168 


5397 


4626 


3855 


3084 


2313 


1542 


771 


40 


10 


16975 


14550 


13337 


12125 


10912 


9700 


7275 


4850 


4365 


3880 


3395 


2910 


2425 


1940 


1455 


970 


485 


30 


12 


10675 


9150 


8388 


7625 


6862 


6100 


4575 


3050 


2745 


2440 


2135 


1830 


1525 


1220 


915 


610 


305 


22 


14 


6720 


5760 


5280 


4800 


4320 


3840 


2880 


1920 


1728 


1536 


1344 


1152 


960 


768 


576 


384 


192 


15 


16 


4235 


3630 


3328 


3025 


2723 


2420 


1815 


1210 


1089 


968 


847 


726 


605 


484 


363 


242 


121 



NOTE.— In case a larger loss than any given in the table is required, proceed as follows :— Divide the ampere feet by 10 and then refer to column of actual volts loss divided by 10, from 
which we find the size wire as before. 

* Safe carrying capacity of exposed wire as adopted by N. E. Insurance Exchange. Capacity of wires enclosed in moulding is about 40 per cent. less. 



. 

























■ 











■ 
































. 
































. 







. 



T CORRESPONDING NUMBER 
fIRE. 























1.3 


0.25 


0.2 


0.15 


0.1 


0.05 


1.6 


0.5 


0.4 


0.3 


0.2 


0.1 


.2 


1.0 


0.8 


0.6 


0.4 


0.2 


\.l 


2.2 


1.8 


1.4 


0.9 


0.45 


>.2 


4.4 


3.5 


2.7 


1.8 


0.9 


1.3 


8.8 


7.1 


5.5 


3.7 


1.9 
























5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


!S0 


49400 


39520 


29640 


19760 


9880 


>40 


39200 


31360 


23520 


15680 


7840 


:90 


31075 


24860 


18645 


12430 


6215 


180 


24650 


19720 


14790 


9860 


4930 


t60 


19550 


15640 


11730 


7820 


3910 


|oo 


15500 


12400 


9300 


6200 


3100 


'60 


12300 


9840 


7380 


4920 


2460 


'00 


9750 


7800 


5850 


3900 


1950 


{00 


7750 


6200 


4650 


3100 


1550 


t80 


6150 


4920 


3690 


2460 


1230 


i26 


3855 


3084 


2313 


1542 


771 


110 


2425 


1940 


1455 


970 


485 


S30 


1525 


1220 


915 


610 


305 


52 


960 


768 


576 


384 


192 


26 


605 


484 


363 


242 


121 



refer to column of actual volts loss divided by 10, from 
it 40 per cent. less. 



-COMBINATION WIRING TABLE. 



MULTIPLY CURRENT IN AMPERES BY SINGLE DISTANCE AND REFER TO THE NEAREST CORRESPONDING NUMBER 
UNDER COLUMN OF ACTUAL VOLTS LOSS, TO FIND SIZE OF WIRE. 



-PERCENTAGE OF LOSS.- 



1.7 


1.5 


1.4 


1.2 


1.1 


1.0 


0.75 


0.5 


0.45 


0.4 


0.35 


0.3 


0.25 


0.2 


0.15 


0.1 


0.05 


3.4 


2.9 


2.7 


2.4 


2.2 


2.0 


1.5 


1.0 


0.9 


0.8 


0.7 


0.6 


0.5 


0.4 


0.3 


0.2 


0.1 


6.5 


5.7 


5.2 


4.8 


4.3 


3.9 


2.9 


2.0 


1.8 


1.6 


1.4 


1.2 


1.0 


0.8 


0.6 


0.4 


0.2 


13.7 


12.0 


11.0 


10.3 


9.3 


8.3 


6.5 


4.4 


3.9 


3.5 


3.1 


2.7 


2.2 


1.8 


1.4 


0.9 


0.45 


~ 


- 


20.0 


18.5 


17.0 


15.4 


12.0 


8.4 


7.6 


6.8 


6.0 


5.2 


4.4 


3.5 


2.7 


1.8 


0.9 



-ACTUAL VOLTS LOST.- 



♦Carrying 
Capacity 
Amperes. 


Size 
B. &S. 


35 


30 


27.5 


25 


22.5 


20 


15 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


300 


0000 


345800 


296400 


271700 


247000 


222300 


197600 


148200 


98800 


88920 


79040 


69160 


59280 


49400 


39520 


29640 


19760 


9880 


245 


000 


274400 


235200 


215600 


196000 


176400 


156800 


117600 


78400 


70560 


62720 


54880 


47040 


39200 


31360 


23520 


15680 


7840 


215 


00 


217525 


186450 


170912 


155375 


139837 


124300 


93225 


62150 


55935 


49720 


43505 


37290 


31075 


24860 


18645 


12430 


6215 


190 





172550 


147900 


135575 


123250 


110925 


98600 


73950 


49300 


44370 


39440 


34510 


29580 


24650 


19720 


14790 


9860 


4930 


160 


1 


136850 


117300 


107525 


97750 


87975 


78200 


58650 


39100 


35190 


31280 


27370 


23460 


19550 


15640 


11730 


7820 


3910 


135 


2 


108500 


93000 


85250 


77500 


69750 


62000 


46500 


31000 


27900 


24800 


21700 


18600 


15500 


12400 


9300 


6200 


3100 


115 


3 


86100 


73800 


67650 


61500 


55350 


49200 


36900 


24600 


22140 


19680 


17220 


14760 


12300 


9840 


7380 


4920 


2460 


100 


4 


68250 


58500 


53625 


48750 


43875 


39000 


29250 


19500 


17550 


15600 


13650 


11700 


9750 


7800 


5850 


3900 


1950 


90 


5 


54250 


46500 


42625 


3S750 


34875 


31000 


23250 


15500 


13950 


12400 


10850 


9300 


7750 


6200 


4650 


3100 


1550 


80 


6 


43050 


36900 


33825 


30750 


27675 


24600 


18450 


12300 


11070 


9840 


8610 


7380 


6150 


4920 


3690 


2460 


1230 


60 


8 


26985 


23130 


21202 


19275 


17347 


15420 


11565 


7710 


6939 


6168 


5397 


4626 


3855 


3084 


2313 


1542 


771 


40 


10 


16975 


14550 


13337 


12125 


10912 


9700 


7275 


4850 


4365 


3880 


3395 


2910 


2425 


1940 


1455 


970 


485 


30 


12 


10675 


9150 


8388 


7625 


6862 


6100 


4575 


3050 


2745 


2440 


2135 


1830 


1525 


1220 


915 


610 


305 


22 


14 


6720 


5760 


5280 


4800 


4320 


3840 


2880 


1920 


1728 


1536 


1344 


1152 


960 


768 


576 


384 


192 


15 


16 


4235 


3630 


3328 


3025 


2723 


2420 


1815 


1210 


1089 


968 


847 


726 


605 


484 


363 


242 


121 



NOTE.-In case a larger loss than any given in the table is required, proceed as follows :— Divide the ampere feet by 10 and then refer to column of actual volts loss divided by 10, from 
which we find the size wire as before. 

* Safe carrying capacity of exposed wire as adopted by N. E. Insurance Exchange. Capacity of wires enclosed in moulding is about 40 per cent. less. 












































' 
























1 
















• 


! 















ALLOWABLE LOSS IN LINES. 

For the alternating system, under ordinary circumstances, 5% 
loss at full load from dynamo to transformers on primary circuits, 
is a maximum. 

For long distances a larger loss, generally 10%, may be allowed 
if the dynamo is specially wound to overcome a heavy loss. 

A loss of from 1% to 2% may be allowed on secondary circuits 
from transformers to lamps. 

The special rules of the General Electric Company should be 
strictly followed on all outside construction. The rules and 
requirements of the Insurance Exchange must also be carried 
out. 

In order to obtain the best results in central station work, the 
feeders and mains should be so arranged as to give as even a 
potential as is possible at all points and great care should be taken 
to obtain the proper centre of distribution. Transformers in 
the alternating system and service wires in the direct current 
system, should be connected to mains or branches and not to 
feeders. 



12 



CONDUCTORS. 



The Weight and Resistance per mile of round wire, where d. 
is the diameter in mils, are : 



Weight. 



Resistance at 



75° 



d 2 . n 56970 , 

For copper wire .... „ lbs. — -p — ■ ohms. 

^ . . d 2 . „ 380060 , 

For iron wire Hrt lbs. — ^ — ohms. 

72 d 2 . 

Copper wire is approximately 1 1-7 times the weight of an iron 
wire of the same size. 

A copper wire 334 circular mils in cross section and 1000 feet 
in length, weighs one pound. 

The Percentage Conductivity of any wire is found by 
multiplying the resistance of a pure wire of the same length and 
weight at the same temperature by 100, and dividing the product 
by the resistance of the wire as measured. 

LAMP FORMULA. 

C. = current in amperes. 

E. = electromotive force in volts. 

R. = -r^ = resistance of lamp, hot. 

C. P. = candle power of lamp. 

W. c. p. = watts per candle power (a measure of efficiency of 

lamp). 

One electrical H. P. = 746 watts. 

C X E. 
Watts per C. P. = ^ p 

746 
Number candles per electrical H. P. = ^ — 

As the efficiency of conversion of good dynamos is 90%, the 
calculations of candles per electrical H. P. must be multiplied by 
this factor to give the number of candles per mechanical horse 
power. 



13 







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14 



INCANDESCENT LAMPS. 

For Alternating Street System. Designated by Amperes and Candle-Power. 



Amperes. 


C. P. 


Volts. 


Watts 
per Lamp. 


Watts 
per C. P. 


Hot 
Resistance. 


3.50 


20 


20. 


70.0 


3.50 


5.71 


" 


25 


25. 


87.5 


" 


7.14 


" 


30 


30. 


105.0 


" 


8.57 


" 


40 


40. 


140:0 


" 


11.43 


" 


50 


50. 


175.0 


" 


14.29 














5.50 


20 


12.73 


70.0 


3.50 


2.31 


" 


25 


15.91 


87.5 


" 


2.89 


" 


30 


19.09 


105.0 


" 


3.47 


" 


40 


25.45 


140.0 


" 


4.63 


" 


50 


31.82 


175.0 


" 


5.79 



FOR USE WITH DISTRIBUTOR ON ARC CIRCUITS. 



*1.32 


20 


51.06 


67.6 


3.38 


38.56 


tl.21 


20 


54.66 


66.0 


3.30 


45.27 



*Called F 12, used 5 or 6 in mult, on 1200 C. P. circuits. 
tCalled F 2, used 8 org in mult, on 2000 C. P. circuits. 

FOR USE ON ARC CIRCUITS. 

6 Amp. Lamps are designated by star; 9.7 Amp. Lamps are designated by crescent^ 





6.6 


20 


10.57 


70.0 


3.50 


1.60 


" 


25 


13.22 


87.5 


" 


2.00 


" 


32 


16.92 


112.0 


" 


2.56 


" 


65 


34.37 


227.5 


" 


5.19 


" 


125 


66.09 


437.5 


" 


9.98 














9.7 


20 


7.25 


70.0 


3.50 


.75 


" 


25 


9.06 


87.5 


" 


.94 


" 


32 


11.59 


112.0 


" 


1.20 


" 


65 


23.55 


227.5 




2.44 


" 


125 


45.29 


437.5 


" 


4.69 



Circ 



,T LAMPS. 

'.istance in feet one way (not 2d.) 



Volts 
%I 


35 


40 


45 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 
























285 


249 


222 


199 


166 


142 


124 


111 


99 




212 


186 


165 


148 


124 


106 


93 


82 


74 


No. B 


139 


122 


109 


98 


81 


70 


61 


54 


49 


ooc 


70 


61 


56 


49 


41 


35 


30 


28 


24 


oc 


54 


48 


43 


38 


32 


27 


24 


21 


19 


c 


44 


38 


34 


31 


25 


22 


19 


17 


15 




34 


30 


27 


24 


20 


17 


15 


13 


12 




27 


24 


21 


18 


16 


13 


12 


10 


9 




21 


19 


17 


15 


12 


10 


9 


8 


7 




17 


15 


13 


12 


10 


8 


7 


6 


6 




13 


12 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


5 




10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 










8 


7 


6 


6 


5 












6 


6 


5 
















5 


















1 




















1 




















1 




















1 









































Circular Mils for different % Loss. 



WIRE TABLE FOR 16 C. P., 52 VOLT LAMPS. 

Figures at top of columns indicate the number of Lamps. Figures in columns give distance in feet one way (not 2d.) 



Volts Lost 


.29 


.52 


.79 


1.06 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


% Loss. 


% 


1 


1% 


2 


211600 


9984 


4992 


3328 


2496 


1996 


1664 


1426 


1248 


1109 


998 


832 


713 


624 


554 


499 


399 


333 


285 


249 


222 


199 


166 


142 


124 


111 


99 








211600 


157701 


7441 


3720 


2480 


1860 


1488 


1240 


1063 


930 


826 


744 


620 


531 


465 


413 


372 


297 


248 


212 


186 


165 


148 


124 


106 


93 


82 


74 


No. B. & S. 




211600 


139281 


103803 


4898 


2449 


1632 


1224 


979 


816 


699 


612 


544 


489 


408 


349 


306 


272 


244 


195 


163 


139 


122 


109 


98 


81 


70 


61 


54 


49 


0000 


211600 


105800 


69640 


51901 


2449 


1224 


816 


612 


489 


408 


349 


306 


279 


245 


204 


174 


153 


139 


122 


98 


81 


70 


61 


56 


49 


41 


35 


30 


28 


24 


000 


167805 


83902 


55226 


41159 


1942 


971 


647 


485 


388 


323 


269 


242 


215 


194 


161 


134 


121 


107 


97 


77 


64 


54 


48 


43 


38 


32 


27 


24 


21 


19 


00 


133079 


66539 


43798 


32642 


1540 


770 


513 


385 


308 


256 


220 


192 


171 


154 


128 


110 


96 


85 


77 


61 


51 


44 


38 


34 


31 


25 


22 


19 


17 


15 





105592 


52796 


34751 


25899 


1222 


611 


407 


305 


244 


203 


174 


152 


135 


122 


101 


87 


76 


67 


61 


48 


40 


34 


30 


27 


24 


20 


17 


15 


13 


12 


1 


83694 


41847 


27544 


20528 


968 


484 


322 


242 


179 


161 


138 


121 


107 


96 


80 


69 


60 


53 


48 


36 


32 


27 


24 


21 


18 


16 


13 


12 


10 


9 


2 


66373 


33186 


21844 


16280 


768 


384 


256 


192 


153 


128 


109 


96 


85 


76 


64 


54 


48 


42 


38 


30 


25 


21 


19 


17 


15 


12 


10 


9 


8 


7 


3 


52634 


26317 


17322 


12910 


609 


304 


203 


152 


121 


101 


87 


76 


67 


60 


50 


43 


38 


33 


30 


24 


20 


17 


15 


13 


12 


10 


8 


7 


6 


6 


4 


41742 


20871 


13737 


10238 


483 


241 


161 


120 


96 


80 


69 


60 


53 


48 


40 


34 


30 


26 


24 


19 


16 


13 


12 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


5 


5 


33102 


16551 


10894 


8119 


383 


191 


127 


95 


76 


63 


54 


47 


42 


38 


31 


27 


23 


21 


19 


15 


12 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 








6 


26250 


13125 


8639 


6438 


303 


151 


101 


75 


60 


50 


43 


37 


33 


30 


25 


21 


18 


16 


15 


12 


10 


8 


7 


6 


6 


5 










7 


20816 


10408 


6850 


5105 


240 


120 


80 


60 


48 


40 


33 


30 


26 


24 


20 


16 


15 


13 


12 


9 


8 


6 


6 


5 














8 


16509 


8254 


5433 


4049 


191 


95 


63 


47 


38 


31 


27 


23 


21 


19 


15 


13 


11 


10 


9 


7 


6 


5 


















10 


10381 


5190 


3416 




120 


60 


40 


30 


24 


20 


17 


14 


13 


12 


10 


8 


7 


6 


6 
























12 


6530 


3265 






75 


37 


25 


18 


15 


12 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 






























14 


4107 








47 


23 


15 


11 


9 


7 


6 


5 


5 




































16 


2582 








29 


14 


9 


7 


5 






















































• 
















• 


1 















Circular Mils for different % Loss. 



WIRING TABLE FOR 1000 VOLT PRIMARY CIRCUITS ALT. SYSTEM. 

Figures at top of columns indicate number of amperes. Figures in columns indicate distance to centre of distribution (not 2d.) 



Volts Lost 


11.1 


20.4 


30.9 


41.6 


52.5 


63.6 


86.8 


111.1 


- 


2 


• 


« 


5 


6 


■ 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


. 


55 


60 


65 


70 


75 


%Loss. 1234568 10 


211600 


1088368 


544184 


302780 


272192 


217673 


181394 


130000 


10SS63 


90697 


77740 


68048 


60464 


54418 


43534 


36278 


31096 


27219 


24185 


21767 1978S 


18134 


107(1 


15518 


14484 
















211600 


165318 


850318 


425159 


283430 


212579 


170063 


141719 


106289 


85031 


70859 


60737 


53144 


47239 


42515 


34012 


28343 


24294 


21257 


18895 


17006 15460 


14171 


13081 


12147 


11337 














211000 


15: ; 


121131 


623044 


311522 


207681 


155761 


124608 


103840 


77880 


62304 


51920 


44503 


38940 


34613 


31152 


24921 


20768 


17801 


15576 


13845 


12460 11328 


10384 


9585 


8900 


8307 












211000 


1740110 


127084 


00000 


514305 


257152 


138101 


128576 


102861 


69050 


64288 


51430 


34525 


36736 


32144 


23016 


25715 


20572 


13810 


14665 


12857 


11429 


10286 


9351 


0005 


7912 


7332 


6857 










211000 


107007 


138405 


101411 


70230 


407526 


203763 


135842 


101881 


81505 


67921 


50940 


40752 


33960 


29109 


25470 


22640 


20376 


16301 


13584 


11643 


10188 


9056 


8150 


-400 


6792 


6269 


5821 


5433 








21 1000 


157174 


12 45 41 


102805 


75327 


58851 


302705 


151352 


100901 


70676 


60541 


50450 


35338 


30270 


25225 


21621 


17669 


16816 


15135 


12108 


10090 


8648 


7067 


6726 


6054 


5503 


5045 


4657 


4324 


4036 


No.B.SS. 




211601) 


13!«i!l(! 


103705 


82221 


07874 


49730 


3885:; 


199844 


99922 


66614 


49961 


39968 


33307 


24980 


19984 


16653 


12847 


12490 


11102 


9992 


7993 


6661 


5709 


4996 


4440 


3996 3633 


3330 


3074 


2854 


2664 


0000 


211800 


1 If, 135 


7001 1 


50100 


41738 


30030 


27059 


21160 


108738 


54369 


36246 


27184 


21747 


18123 


13592 


10873 


9061 


7767 


6786 


6041 


5436 


4349 


3624 


3106 


2718 


2416 


2174 1977 


1812 


1672 


1553 


1449 


000 


107805 


1113(1:-. 


00270 


44774 


35478 


29286 


21459 


16774 


86233 


43116 


28744 


21558 


17246 


14372 


10779 


8623 


7186 


6159 


5389 


4790 


4311 


3449 


2874 


2463 


2155 


1916 


1724 1567 


1437 


1326 


1231 


II 10 


00 


l:i307!l 


72-110 


47805 


33105 


28136 


23430 


17018 


13205 


68387 


34198 


22795 


17099 


13677 


11397 


8549 


6838 


5698 


4885 


4274 


3799 


3419 


2735 


2279 


1953 


1709 


1519 


1367 1243 


1139 


1052 


976 


911 





105592 


57454 


37101 


28174 


22325 


18428 


13503 


10540 


54262 


27131 


18086 


13565 


10852 


9043 


6782 


5426 


4521 


3875 


3391 


3014 


2713 


2170 


1808 


1550 


1356 


1205 


1085 


986 


904 


884 


775 


728 


1 


83094 


45538 


3000.1 


22331 


170,05 


14606 


10702 




43009 


21504 


14336 


10752 


8601 


7168 


5376 


4300 


3584 


3072 


2688 


2389 


2150 


1720 


1433 


1228 


1075 


055 


860 


781 


716 


661 


614 


573 


2 


66373 


36114 


23813 


17710 


14033 


11584 






34108 


17054 


11369 


8527 


6821 


5684 


4263 


3410 


2842 


2436 


2131 


1894 


1705 


1364 


1136 


974 


852 


757 


682 


620 


568 


524 


487 


454 


3 


52684 


28630 


18007 


14044 


11128 








27048 


13524 


9016 


6767 


5409 


4507 


3383 


2704 


2004 


1932 


1691 


1336 


1352 


1081 


901 


772 


676 


601 


540 


491 


450 


416 


386 


860 


4 


41742 


22712 


14994 


1 1 137 










21450 


10725 


7150 


5362 


4290 


3575 


2681 


2145 


1787 


1532 


1340 


1191 


1072 


858 


715 


612 


536 


476 


429 


390 


5 


33102 


18010 


11801 












17010 


8505 


5670 


4252 


3402 


2835 


2126 


1701 


1417 


1215 


1063 


945 


850 


680 


567 


486 


425 






PRIMARY CURRENT 

lil-qniinl for ,',2 Kill lumoHor, Ham v 

Efficiency of convention fin per 




6 


20250 


14283 














13490 


6745 


4496 


3372 


2698 


2248 


1686 


1349 


1124 


963 


843 


749 


674 


539 


449 










iar- 


7 


20816 


11326 














10697 


5348 


3565 


2674 


2139 


1782 


1337 


1069 


891 


764 


668 


594 


534 


427 














16 


C. P. 


.0547 


Amp. 


8 16509 


8483 


4241 


2827 


2120 


1696 


1413 


1060 


848 


706 


605 


530 


471 


424 














20 " .0684 


S 13091 


6728 


3364 


2243 


1682 


1345 


1121 


841 


672 


560 


480 


420 




















25 




.0857 




10 


103S1 
















5380 


2690 


1793 


1345 


1076 


896 


672 


538 


448 


388 






















82 




.1094 





MOTOR WIRING FORMULA. 

e. = potential of motor. d. = distance from gen. to motor, 

v. = volts lost in lines. k. = efficiency of motor. 

10.8 = resistance in ohms of 1 ft. of 97% pure copper wire one mil 
in diameter. 
h. p. of motor X 746 X 2d. X 10.8 

C ' m - = e. X v. X k. 

To find size of wire from c. m. see table, page 23. 



MOTOR EFFICIENCY. 

V/ 2 h.v 75% 

3 h. p ... 80% 

5 h. p 80% 

1% h. P- and upwards ■ 90% 

AMPERES PER H. P. OF MOTORS 

AT DIFFERENT EFFICIENCIES AND VOLTAGES. 



VOLTS. 


At 100% 


At 90% 


At 85% 


110 


6.78 amperes 


7.54 amperes 


7.98 amperes 


220 


3.39 


3.77 


3.99 


500 


1.49 


1.66 


1.75 



20 



TABLE OF CIRCULAR MILS REQUIRED TO TRANSMIT 

100 H. P. 1000 FEET (FROM GENERATOR) AT 

DIFFERENT PRESSURES AND PER CENT. LOSSES. 

EFFICIENCY OF MOTOR 90%. 



E.M.F. 
at Motor. 


10% Loss. 


15% Loss. 


20% Loss. 


25% Loss. 


33%% Loss. 


500 volts 


64455.04 


40582.52 


28646.40 


21484.88 


14318.88 


1000 " 


16113.76 


10145.63 


7161.60 


5371.22 


3579.72 


1500 " 


7161.67 


4509.17 


3182.93 


2387.21 


1590.98 


2000 " 


4028.44 


2536.41 


1790.40 


1342.80 


894.93 


3000 " 


1790.42 


1127.29 


795.73 


596.80 


. 397.74 


6000 " 


447.60 


281.82 


198.93 


149.20 


99.43 



A very convenient formula by which can be calculated the Cir- 
cular Mils, assuming the above conditions of H. P. and distance 
transmitted, for 1000 volts is 
1790400 



CM.- 



where v. is volts lost. 



The Circular Mils vary directly as the H. P. and distance trans- 
mitted and inversely as the square of the electro-motive force. 

The cost of copper for long distance transmission varies directly 
with the horse power transmitted and as the square of the dis- 
tance. 



21 



The H. P. required at Generator pulley under certain con- 
ditions is as follows : 

EFFICIENCY OF GENERATOR 90%. 
EFFICIENCY OF MOTOR 90%. 



% Drop in line. 

10 
15 
20 
25 
33^ 



Efficiency 
of System. 



72.9 

68.85 

64.80 

60.75 

54.00 



H. P. required 

when transm'g. 

100 H. P. 



137.16 
145.24 
154.32 
164.61 

185.18 



H. P. delivered 
to Motor. 



111.1 
111.1 
111.1 
111.1 
111.1 



The H. P. at Generator pulley and also the H. P. delivered to 
Motor varies directly as the H. P. output of Motor. 

E. M. F. AT GENERATOR FOR 1000 VOLTS AT MOTOR. 



1111.11 . 


10% loss 


1176.47 . . 


. • 15% " 


1250.00 . 


. 20% " 


1333.33 . 


. . 25% « 


1500.15 . 


j. • 33^%" 



FOR LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION. 

TABLE OF VOLTS LOST AT DIFFERENT % LOSS, 

AND DIFFERENT VOLTAGES. 



[Voltage. 


5% 


10% 


15% 


20% 


25% 


33/ 3 % 


110 


5.7 


12.2 


19.4 


27.5 


36.4 


55. 


220 


11.5 


24.4 


38.8 


55. 


73.2 


110. 


500 


26.3 


55.5 


88.2 


125. 


166. 


250. 


1000 


52.6 


111.1 


176.4 


250. 


333. 


500. 


1500 


78.9 


166.6 


264.7 


375. 


500. 


750. 


2000 


105.2 


222.2 


352.9 


500. 


666. 


1000. 


3000 


157.8 


333.3 


529.4 


750. 


1000. 


1500. 



LOSS IN VOLTS 

AT DIFFERENT PER CENT. LOSSES ON LIGHTING 
OR POWER CIRCUITS. 



Volts 


%% 


1% 


v/ 2 % 


2% 


3% 


4% 


5% 


6% 


7% 


8% 


9% 


10% 


52 


.26 


.52 


.792 


1.06 


















75 


.376 


.757 


1.14 


1.53 


2.31 


3.12 


3.94 


4.78 


5.64 


6.52 


7.41 


8.33 


104 


.522 


1.05 


1.58 


2.12 


















110 


.552 


1.11 


1.67 


2.24 


3.4 


4.58 


5.78 


7.02 


8.28 


9.56 


10.88 


12.22 


220 


1.1 


2.2 


3.3 


4.4 


6.6 


8.8 


11. 


13.2 


15.4 


17.6 


19.8 


22. 


500 


2.5 


5.0 


7.5 


10. 


15. 


20. 


25. 


30. 


35.0 


40. 


45. 


50. 


1000 


5.02 


10.1 


15.23 


20.41 


30.92 


41.66 


52.63 


63.83 


75.26 


86.95 


98.90 


111.11 



23 



TABLE OF DIMENSIONS AND RESISTANCES 
OF COPPER WIRE. 







Area 


BARE WIRE. 


UNDERWRITERS 


WIRE. 


Gauge 

No. 


Diam. 


Circ. Mils 
B. and S. 














Mills. 


Lbs. per 


Lbs. per 


Feet per 


Lbs. per 


Lbs. per 


Feet per 






Gauge. 


1000 ft. 


Mile. 


pound. 


1000 ft. 


Mile 


pound. 


0000 


460. 


211600. 


640.73 


3383.04 


1.56 


800 


4224. 


1.25 


000 


410. 


167800. 


508.12 


2682.8.") 


1.97 


666 


3516. 


1.50 


00 


365. 


133100. 


402.97 


2127.66 


2.48 


500 


2640. 


2.00 





325. 


105600. 


319.74 


1688.20 


3.13 


363 


1917. 


2.75 


1 


289. 


83690. 


'253.43 


1338.10 


3.95 


313 


1653. 


3.20 


2 


258. 


66370. 


200.98 


1061.17 


4.98 


250 


1320. 


4.00 


3 


229. 


52630. 


159. 3S 


841.50 


6.2S 


200 


1056. 


5.00 


4 


204. 


41740. 


126.40 


667.38 


7.91 


144 


760. 


6.9 


5 


182. 


33100. 


100.23 


529.23 


9.98 


125 


660. 


8.0 


6 


162. 


26250. 


79.49 


419.69 


12.58 


105 


554. 


9.5 


7 


144. 


20820. 


63.03 


332.82 


15.86 


87 


301. 


11.5 


8 


128. 


16510. 


49.99 


263.96 


20.00 


69 


364. 


14.5 


9 


114. 


13090. 


39.65 


209.35 


25.22 








10 


102. 


10380. 


31.44 


105.98 


31.81 


50 


264. 


20.0 


11 


91. 


8234. 


24.93 


131.65 


40.11 








12 


81. 


6530. 


19.77 


104.40 


50.58 


31 


164. 


32.0 


13 


72. 


5178. 


15.68 


82.792 


63.78 








14 


64. 


4106. 


12.44 


65.658 


80.42 


22 


116. 


45.0 


15 


57. 


3257. 


9.S6 


52.069 


101.40 








16 


51. 


2583. 


7.82 


41.292 


127.87 


14 


74. 


70.0 


17 


45. 


2048. 


6.20 


32.746 


161.24 








18 


40. 


1624. 


4.92 


25.970 


203.31 


11 


58. 


90 


19 


36. 


1288. 


3.90 


20.594 


256.39 








20 


32. 


1021. 


3.09 


16.331 


323.32 









Approximate weight of weather proof triple braid line wire is 
10% less than the weight of underwriter's wire as given above. 



24 



TABLE OF DIMENSIONS AND RESISTANCES 
OF COPPER WIRE.— Continued. 



Gauge 


*Safe Carry- 
ing Capacity. 


Ohms per 


Ohms 


Feet 


Area C. M. 


No. 


Cur. in Amp. 


1000 feet. 


per Mile. 


per Ohm. 


B. W. G. 


0000 


300 


.04904 


.25891 


20392.9 


206100 


000 


245 


.06184 


.32649 


16172.1 


180600 


00 


215 


.07797 


.41168 


12825.4 


144400 





190 


.09827 


.51885 


10176.4 


115600 


1 


160 


.12398 


.65460 


8066.0 


90000 


2 


135 


.15633 


.82543 


6396.7 


80660 


3 


115 


.19714 


1.04090 


5072.5 


67080 


4 


100 


.24858 


1.31248 


4022.9 


56640 


5 


90 


.31346 


1.65507 


3190.2 


48400 


6 


80 


.39528 


2.08706 


2529.9 


41210 


7 


67 


.49845 


2.63184 


2006.2 


32400 


8 


60 


.62849 


3.31843 


1591.1 


27230 


9 




.79242 


4.18400 


1262.0 


21900 


10 


40 


.99948 


5.27726 


1000.5 


17960 


11 




1.2602 


6 65357 


793.56 


14400 


12 


30 


1.5890 


8.39001 


629.32 


11810 


13 




2.0037 


10.5798 


499.06 


9025 


14 


22 


2.5266 


13.3405 


395.79 


6889 


15 




3.1860 


16.8223 


313.87 


5184 


16 


15 


4.0176 


21.2130 


248.90 


4225 


17 




5.0660 


26.7485 


197.39 


3364 


18 


10 


6.3880 


33.7285 


156.54 


2400 


19 




8.0555 


42.5329 


124.14 


1764 


20 


5 


10.1584 


53.6362 


98.44 


1230 



Eesistance of 1 ft. commercial copper wire 1 mil in diameter, 

10 8 
= 10.8 ohms. — '— = c. m. where r. = resistance of wire per foot. 

Resistance of copper increases .21 of 1% for each degree of in- 
creased temperature Fahrenheit. 



* Safe carrying capacity of exposed wire as adopted by N. E. I; 
change. Carrying capacity of wires enclosed in moulding is about 40% less, 



25 



TABLE OF THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF 
WIRES WHEN INCLOSED. 

The safe carrying capacity of a wire is the current (in amperes) 
which it will convey without raising its temperature above a 
certain specified amount. This limit changes under different 
circumstances, and is about forty per cent, less when the wire 
is inclosed in a tube or moulding than when exposed to the 
air, so that the heat is readily radiated. It must be clearly under- 
stood that the size of the fuse depends upon the size of the 
smallest conductor it protects, and not upon the amount of current 
to be used on the circuit. Below is a table showing the safe carry- 
ing capacity of conductors of different sizes, according to the 
Brown & Sharp and Birmingham gauges, which must be followed 
in the placing of interior conductors : 



Brown & Sharp. 




Birmingham. 


Gauge 

No. 


Amperes.* 


Gauge 

No. 


Amperes.* 


0000 


175 


0000... 


175 


000 


145 


000... 


150 


00 


120 


00... 


130 





100 


0... 


110 


1 


95 


1... 


95 


2 


70 


2... 


85 


3 


60 


3... 
4... 


75 


4 


50 


65 


5 


45 


5... 


60 


6 


35 


6... 


50 


7 


30 


7... 


45 


8 


25 


8... 


35 


10 


20 


10... 


30 


12 


15 


12... 


20 


14 


10 


14... 


15 


16 


5 


16... 


10 






18... 


5 



* Safe carrying capacity of enclosed wire as adopted by the National Electro- 
Insurance Bureau and Boston Board of Fire Underwriters. 



26 



EQUIVALENT CROSS SECTIONS OF WIRES. 



BROWN & SHARP GAUGE. 



0000 
000 



2— 


4— 3 


8— 6 


16— 9 


32—15 


64—15 


2— 1 


4- 4 


8- 7 


16—10 


32-Yc 


61—16 


2-2 


4- 5 


8— 8 


16—11 


32—14 


64—17 


2- 3 


4— 6 


8— 9 


16—12 


32— U 


64—18 


2-4 


4— 7 


8—10 


16—13 


32— If 




2— 5 


4— 8 


8-11 


16—14 


32-r 




2— 6 


4— 9 


8—12 


16—15 


32 — IS 


5 


2— 7 


4—10 


8—13 


16—16 






2— 8 


4—11 


8—14 


16—17 






2— 9 


4—12 


8—15 


16—18 






2—10 


4—13 


8—16 








2—11 


4—14 


8-17 








2—12 


4—15 


8-1S 








2—13 


4—16 










2—14 


4—17 










2—15 


4—18 










2—16 












2—17 












2—18 













12 
13 
14 
15 
16 



General Instructions 



INSTALLATION AND CARE 



DYNAMOS. 



29 
INSTALLING THE DYNAMO. 



Location and Mounting". The dynamo should be located 
in a cool, dry room, free from dust, metal chips, or flying particles 
of any sort. 

It must not be placed in a room where moisture is liable to col- 
lect. Basements are often very objectionable on this account. 

The dynamo should be set upon a firm, level, well-seasoned wood 
or brick foundation (preferably brick). Care must be taken to in- 
sulate the frame of the dynamo from earth. 

Space should be left around the machine to give ample room for 
reaching all parts of it, particularly the commutator end. 

Driving* Power. The driving power should have character- 
istics of steadiness and regularity of speed, and should always be 
sufficient to drive the dynamo with its full load, in addition to the 
other work which it may be called upon to sustain. Unsatisfac- 
tory results are always obtained in attempting to run a dynamo on 
an overloaded engine. 

Wooden bed plates are supplied, when ordered, for all Spherical 
Armature Dynamos, and for Bipolar Dynamos from Class D 2 to 
D 15 inclusive, and iron bed plates are supplied for alternating 
current machines and for Bipolar Dynamos from Class D 20 to 
D 90 inclusive. 

All machines are fitted with a ratchet and screw bolt, so that 
they may be moved backward or forward on the bed plate in 
a direction at right angles to the armature shaft. By this means 
the driving belt may be tightened or loosened at will while the 
machine is in operation. Care should be taken in tightening 
the belt not to bind the bearings of the armature and force the oil 
from between the surfaces of the shaft and boxes ; such practice 
will inevitably cause heating of the bearings and consequent 
injury. 

Machines are assembled, unless ordered otherwise, so that the 
armature revolves from left to right when the observer faces the 
pulley end of the shaft. All bipolar dynamos, however, may be 
driven in either direction by reversing the brushes and crossing the 
brush cables. 

Pulley. The machine is provided with a pulley of the proper 
size to transmit the power demanded, and a smaller one should not 



30 

be substituted unless special permission be obtained from the 
Company. 

When driving from a countershaft, or when belted directly to 
the main shaft, a loose pulley or belt holder should be used to ad- 
mit of starting and stopping the dynamo while the shafting is 
running. 

Belts. A thin double or heavy single belt should be used, 
about a half inch narrower than the face of the pulley on the 
dynamo. An endless belt, one without lacing, gives the greatest 
steadiness to the lights. 

Bolts and I^uts. All bolts and nuts must be firmly screwed 
down. All nuts which form part of electrical connections should 
receive special attention. 

Commutator and Brushes. The commutator brushes 
are carefully ground to fit the commutator, and they should be set 
in the holders so as to bear evenly upon its surface. 

On machines where two or more brushes are supported on one 
spindle, the brushes on the same side of the commutator must be 
set so that they touch the same segments in the same manner. 
The brushes on the other side of the commutator must be set so as 
to bear on the segments diametrically opposite. When the brushes 
are not so set it is impossible to run the machine without sparking. 
A convenient method of determining the proper bearing point for 
the brushes is to set the toe of one brush at the line of insulation, 
dividing two segments of the commutator; then count the dividing 
lines for one-half the way around the surface, and set the other 
brush or brushes at the line diametrically opposite the first. Thus, 
on the forty-four segment commutator, after setting the tip of one 
brush at a line of insulation, count around twenty-two lines, set- 
ting the other brush at the twenty-second line, thus bringing the 
tips directly opposite each other. The angle which the brushes 
form with the surface of the commutator should be carefully noted, 
and the brushes should not be allowed to wear, so as to increase or 
decrease this angle. Careless handling of the machine is at once 
indicated by the brushes being worn either to a nearly square end, 
or to a long taper, in which the forward wires of the brush far out- 
run the back or inside wires. Either condition cannot fail to be 
attended with excessive wear of both commutator and brushes. 

After the brushes are set in contact with the commutator, the 
armature should never be rotated backward. If it is required to 



31 

turn the armature back, raise the brushes from the commutator by 
the thumb screw on the holder provided for that purpose, before 
allowing such rotation. When starting a machine, it is always 
better to let the brushes down upon the commutator after the 
machine has started rather than before. 

See that the bearings of the machine are clean and free from grit, 
and that the oil reservoirs are filled with a good quality of lubri- 
cating oil. 

The oil reservoirs should always be examined before starting, 
and all loose grit removed. After starting the machine, the oil 
should all be drawn off at the end of each day's run for the first 
three or four days, after which it can be assumed that any remain- 
ing grit has been carried off with the oil, and it will only be 
necessary to add a little fresh oil once in seven to ten days. 



STARTING THE DYNAMO. 

Fill the oil reservoirs of the dynamo and see that the automatic 
oiling rings are free to move. In the case of dynamos fitted with 
oil cups, start the oil running at a moderate rate. Too little oil 
will result in heating and injury of the bearings ; but on the other 
hand, excessive lubrication is unnecessary, wasteful, and sometimes 
productive of harm. 

When the dynamo is ready to be started, place the driving belt 
on the pulley on the armature shaft, and then slip it from the loose 
pulley or belt holder on to the driving pulley on the counter shaft. 
Tighten the belt, by means of the ratchet on the bedplate, just suffi- 
ciently to keep it from slipping. Care should be taken not to put 
more pressure than is necessary on new bearings ; carelessness in 
this respect is often followed by heating of the boxes, and possible 
permanent injury. 

The brushes may now be let down upon the commutator, and the 
field switch closed. The magnets will be slowly energized. 

Move the brushes slowly backward or forward by means of the 
yoke handle, until there is no sparking at the lower brushes. 
Clamp the yoke in this position. If the top brushes then spark, 
move them slightly, one at a time, forward or backward in the 
brush-holder until their non-sparking point is found. 



32 

The spring pressure exerted upon the commutator brushes 
should be just sufficient to produce a good contact without causing 
cutting. If the brushes cut, the commutator must be smoothed by 
the use of sandpaper, not emery cloth. 

The dynamo should run, without load, at the speed given by the 
Company, and this speed should be uniformly maintained under 
all conditions. In the case of Incandescent dynamos any increase 
of speed, above that given, is prejudicial to the life of the lamps, 
while a variation below causes unsatisfactory lights. 

Polarity. Before the load is put on, the dynamo should be 
tested for polarity. This may be done by holding a small pocket 
compass near the field or pole piece. In a spherical armature 
dynamo the right-hand field facing the commutator should be the 
north pole. In a bipolar dynamo, the left-hand field facing the 
commutator should be the north pole. If the dynamo is connected 
to be run in multiple with another machine and happens to be 
polarized wrong, it can be given the right polarity by lifting the 
brushes from the commutator, closing the field switch, and then 
closing the double-pole switch used to throw it in multiple with the 
other machine, which is supposed to be now running. After the 
current has been allowed to pass through the fields for a few mo- 
ments, the double-pole switch can be thrown open, and if a test 
with the compass is again made the polarity will be found to 
be right, and the dynamo is ready to be started in the usual 
manner. 

In starting, for the first time, a bipolar dynamo which is to 
be run in multiple with a spherical armature dynamo, the above 
instructions should always be followed. 

If the dynamo is to be used in series with another on the three 
wire system, and is found to be polarized wrong, it can be given 
the right polarity by making a temporary connection from the 
positive brush of the new machine to the positive brush of the 
machine already in operation ; and also a temporary connection 
from negative brush to negative brush, having first raised the 
brushes from the commutator and closing the field switch. Keep 
this connection for a few minutes, then open the field switch and 
break the temporary connections. 

Another test with the compass will show that the polarity of the 
machine is now correct, and the dynamo is ready to be started in 
the usual manner. 






Assuming that the lamps and lines are all ready, the follow- 
ing 1 precautions must be observed when starting the 
dynamo: — 

Be very careful that the brushes are properly set, and diametri- 
cally opposite each other, as explained before. 

Be sure that all connections are securely made, and all nuts on 
the connection boards firmly set. 

In cases where two or more dynamos are connected in multiple 
by the use of the equalizing connection, care should be taken that 
the circuit wires from both positive brushes be connected to the 
same side of the main line, while those from the negative are con- 
nected to the other side. 

The diagram on page 91 shows two spherical armature type 
dynamos connected in multiple with the "equalizer," and the 
diagram on page 111 shows the same connections for two bipolar 
dynamos. 

A neat arrangement of the equalizing connection can be made 
by using triple-pole switches on the switchboard, instead of double- 
pole switches, and making the equalizing connections through the 
center pole of the switch, instead of running a cable direct from 
one dynamo to the other. This method is especially desirable 
where three or more dynamos are run in multiple. Page 95 shows 
the use of Transfer Switches on the three-wire system. 

When dynamos are connected in series, as in the cases where the 
three-wire system is in use, the leading wire from the positive 
brush of one machine is connected to the negative brush of the 
other. The other two brushes (negative and positive) are con- 
nected to the main wires on the outside of the system, while the 
third or center wire is connected to the conductor between the 
two dynamos. See diagram on page 93. 



34 



CARE OF THE DYNAMO. 

Every part of the machine should he kept scrup- 
ulously clean. Keep the bearings well supplied . with oil. 
Only the hest quality of mineral oil should be used. 

Insulations. Keep all insulations free from dust or gritty 
substances. They should be carefully cleaned at least once a day. 

Connections. If any of the connections of the machine be- 
come heated, examination will show that the metal surfaces are 
not clean or not in perfect contact. 

Ice and Water. Avoid the use of water or ice on the bear- 
ings in case of accidental heating, as the water may get to the 
armature and injure the insulation. 

The Commutator should be kept clean and allowed to 
polish or glaze itself while running. No oil is necessary unless 
the brushes cut, and then only at the point of cutting. A cloth 
slightly greased with vaseline is best for the purpose. Never use 
sandpaper on the commutator without first lifting the brushes. 
Otherwise, the grit will stick to the brushes and cut the com- 
mutator. 

The Brushes. Care should be taken to keep the com- 
mutator brushes in good shape, and not to allow them to be 
worn out of square; that is, too much to one side, so that the 
end is not worn at right angles to the lateral edges. 

When the machine is not running, the brushes should always be 
raised from the commutator. 

The brushes should be kept carefully cleaned, and no oil or dirt 
allowed to accumulate upon them. This can be done by wash- 
ing them occasionally in benzine or a hot solution of soda ash. 

The diagrams on page 35 show the brushes as correctly ground 
and set, also in other conditions and positions too often seen. 
Fig. 1 shows the brushes properly ground, and set in their proper 
position on the commutator, diametrically opposite each other. 
It will be noticed that a line drawn perpendicularly to the plane of 
the brush makes an angle of 45 degrees with the line representing 
the bearing surface of the brush. This angle should neither be in- 
creased, as shown in Fig. 2, nor diminished, as shown in Fig. 3. 






36 

In Figs. 2 and 3 the position of both A and B relatively to the 
dotted line should be noted. In Fig. 2 the brushes are set too 
flatly, and have worn away until the ends curl up. In Fig. 3 the 
brushes are also set badly, being too much depressed. It may 
seem that the illustrations are overdrawn, but brushes have been 
returned showing the faults noted in Fig 2, and others showing the 
faults of those in Fig. 3, while still others have been received, 
taken from the same dynamo, one of which resembled A in Fig. 2, 
and the other B in Fig. 3. 

Gauge and Jig". The Company has prepared a gauge which 
should be used occasionally to test the wearing of the brushes. If 
they are found to be worn either too flatly or too bluntly, they 
should be filed into proper shape, or, better still, ground on a 
grindstone. The company will furnish with each machine a suit- 
able jig or holder in which to place the brush while filing or 
grinding it. 

The Spindles upon which the brush-holders are arranged to 
slide, should be cleaned with emery cloth often enough to prevent 
tarnishing or the collection of dirt, which might cause heating by 
impairing the electrical connection. 

The Brush Holders, which can be moved laterally on the 
spindle by which they are supported, should be so arranged that 
the top and bottom brushes will bear on different parts of the 
length of the commutator, for the purpose of distributing the wear 
more uniformly. 



Jl 



37 

HOT BOXES. 

For an inexperienced person the most natural thing to do in case 
of a hot box is to shnt the machine down, but this should never 
be done until the following alternatives have been tried and have 
failed : 

1st. Lighten the load. 

2d. Slacken the belt. 

3d. Loosen the caps on the boxes a little. 

4th. Put more oil in bearings. 

5th. If all the above fail to remedy the heating, use a heavy 
lubricant, such as vaseline or cylinder oil. Should the heating 
then diminish, the shaft must be polished with crocus cloth and 
the boxes scraped at the end of the day. 

6th. Under no conditions put ice upon the bearing, unless you 
are perfectly familiar with such a procedure. 

7th. If it is absolutely necessary to shut down, get the belt off 
as soon as possible, keeping the machine revolving meanwhile in 
order to prevent sticking, and at the same time take off the caps 
of the bearings. Do not stop the flow of oil to the bearings. When 
the caps have been taken off, stop the machine and get the linings 
out immediately, and allow them to cool in the air. Do not throw 
the linings into cold water, as it would be apt to spring them. 

Scraping should be done only by an experienced person, other- 
wise the linings may be ruined. Polish the shaft with crocus 
cloth or, if cut badly, file with a very fine file and afterward polish 
with crocus. 

Wipe the shaft as well as the boxes very carefully, as perhaps grit 
has been the cause of the hot box. Inspect the bearings, see that 
they are in line, that the shaft has not been sprung, and that the 
oil collar does not bear against the box. 



39 



3T(STI0N EQUIPMENT. 



On the following pages is given the standard list of Station 
Equipment required for the Arc System and the Incandescent, 
hoth Alternating and Direct. 

Of the instruments for an alternating current installation the 
exciter current indicator may be dispensed with when using only 
one alternator and one exciter, but when using two dynamos and 
two exciters it is advisable to have a current indicator in circuit 
with each exciter. When exciting two dynamos with one exciter 
a current indicator should be used. 

In direct current systems, when running two dynamos in multi- 
ple, it will be necessary to use an equalizing cable. Diagrams 
on pages 91 and 111 show the method of connecting this cable. 



41 



STANDARD LIST OF APPARATUS FOR 
STATION EQUIPMENT. 



PARTS REQUIRED FOR ARC SYSTEM. 



Cat. No. 




No. 


required for 


One 


Two 


Each 
Add'l. 




Regulator and Controller, included with 










dynamo 


1 


2 


1 


1751 


Type A Lightning Arrester (two re- 










quired for each circuit) . 


2 


- 


- 


S600 


Magneto to ring through 15,000 ohms . 


1 


1 


- 


10-18 


Ammeter 


1 


1 


- 


1773 


Ammeter Jack and Plug (only one 










plug necessary) .... 


1 


2 


IJack 




Switch Board (2-4-6-8-12-16-20-24 










circuit) 


1 


1 





PARTS REQUIRED FOR DIRECT INCANDESCENT 
SYSTEM. 



Cat. No. 




No. 


required for 


One 


Two 


Each 
Add'l. 


7421 


Type 141 Kheostat f or D 2 . 


1 


2 


1 


7419 


" 165 " " D3 . 


1 


2 


1 


7422 


" 142 " " D5 . 


1 


2 


1 


7425 


" 145 " " D 7>£ to D90 incl. 


1 


2 


1 


8100 


Type B Lightning Arrester . 


2 


4 


2 


7694 


Ground Detector 

Main Line Switch D. P. S. T. (when 


1 


1 







using one dynamo) .... 


1 


2 


1 




Main Line Switch T. P. S. T. (when 










running two dynamos in multiple) 


- 


1 


- 




Field Switch (except with Spherical Type) 


1 


2 


1 




Current Indicator 


1 


2 


1 




Voltmeter 


1 


1 


- 




Direct Current Meter .... 


1 


2* 


1 




Feeder Board (1-2-3-4 and 6 circuits) . 


2 


4 


2 



* It is not absolutely necessary to have a meter, but if one is supplied it wiil 
answer when two machines are run in multiple, provided its capacity is great enough. 






43 



PARTS REQUIRED FOR ALTERNATING SYSTEM. 



Cat. No. 




No. 


required for 




One 


Two 


Each 
Add'l. 


7422 


Type 142 Rheostat for Alternator fields 






(for A 25) 




2 


1 


7421 


Type 141 Rheostat for Exciter fields (for 










Dl#) 




2 


1 


7420 


Or, Type 133 Rheostat for Alternator 










fields (for A 50 or A 100). 




2 


1 


7419 


Type 165 Rheostat for Exciter fields (for 










D3) 




2 


1 


8200 


Type F Lightning Arrester . 

Ground Detector (with clip and 10 feet 




4 


2 




cable) 




1 


- 




Main Line Switch, 75 Amp. D. P. S. T. 




2 


1 




Or (when using two machines) 75 Amp. 










D. P. D. T 




2 


1 


5179 


Exciting Circuit Switch, 30 Amp. D. P. 
D. T. (used only with two machines 










and two Exciters) .... 




2 


1 


5000 


Exciter Field Switch, 30 Amp. S.P.S.T. 


1 


2 


1 




Current Indicator (for A 25) . 


1 


2 


1 




Or, Current Indicator (for A50- 100-200) 


1 


2 


1 




Exciter Current Indicator 




2 


1 




Potential Indicator .... 


1 


2 


1 




Station Transformer .... 


1 


2 


1 




Meter Transformer .... 


1 


2 


1 




Primary Meter 


1 


2 


1 




Feeder Block 


2 


4 


2 




Pilot Lamp (including Bracket, Lamp 










and Half Shade) .... 


3 


6 


2 




Bank Board (when running Street 










Circuit) 


1 


2 


1 



NOTE.— Machines larger than A 50 require a larger switch than that given 
above. It is not absolutely necessary to have a primary meter and transformer but 
the use of same is recommended. A special rheostat is required for A 200. 



Arc Lighting Apparatus. 




Thomson-Houston Arc Light Dynamo. 



TESTING ARC LIGHT DYNAMOS. 



The following points are noted and carried out very carefully in 
the testing of arc light dynamos in the factory, and they are very 
essential to the successful running of the dynamo. For the benefit 
of those who have not had experience in the factory they are here 
given : — 

The commutator should fit the shaft snugly, but be sufficiently 
free to turn easily on the shaft. 

Be very careful to put the short brush holders on the outer yoke, 
and long brush holders on the inner yoke. Also see that the long 
binding post attached to the sliding connection is on the lower left- 
hand brush holder, and the short post on the lower right-hand 
brush holder. 

Always set the brush holders at the proper angle by the brush 
holder gauge. They should first be tightened up and then turned 
to the correct position by means of a piece of steel wire passed 
through the holes in the holder body. Tighten up the brush 
holders very firmly and try them with gauge to see that they are 
the same distance from the commutator. 

Always be careful to get the brushes exactly straight and flat 
before clamping them to the brush holders, and alway set them to 
the exact length of the brush gauge. 

On all machines with air blasts, the " cut-out " should be set so 
that when two segments are just coming into multiple with one of 
the primary brushes in the direction of rotation of the armature, 
the secondary brush of opposite polarity should project over the slot 
between the segments exactly l-64th of an inch. If the secondary 
brush projects more than this, the regulator arm should be bent 
down; if it projects less than this, the regulator should be bent up. 
These adjustments on the regulator arm are always made in the 
factory before testing the machine, and should never be changed 
on machines away from the factory unless they have become bent 
by accident. If it becomes necessary to make any adjustments 
away from the factory, they must be made by means of the sliding 
connection attached to the inner yoke. 



50 



Always try the "cut-out " on both primary brushes. If it does 
not come the same on both, turn one over, and if the brush holders 
are correctly set by the gauge, there should be no trouble in getting 
the " cut-out" set properly after one or two trials. 

To set the commutator in proper position, find the leading wire 
of the first coil. This can be found, from the fact that it is always 
more heavily insulated than any other wire, and is found in the 
centre of the first coil on the commutator side of armature. With 
this leading wire turned underneath the armature, rotate the arm- 
ature forward until the pegs on the right side of the coil just dis- 
appear under the left field. The armatures on all dynamos should 
be in this position when the commutator is set. 

On Ring" Armatures which have no pegs there is painted 
a Black Line which is used as a substitute when finding the 
proper position for the commutator. 

The approximate leads of different machines are, as follows : 



i 



Class Dynamo. 


Old Type Armature. 


Ring Type Armature. 


MD 


7-16 inch positive 


3-16 inch positive 


LD12 " 


3-8 " 


1-4 " 


LD2 


3-8 " 


1-8 " 


M12 


1-8 " negative 


1-4 " negative 


M 2 


1-8 " 


1-2 " 


L2 


1-8 " 


7-16 " 


P2 


1-8 " 


No Ring Armature 


K12 


1-4 " positive 


3-16 inch positive 


K2 


1-4 " 


1-8 " 


Hl2 


1-4 to 5-16 inch positive 


No Ring Armature 


H2 


1-4 inch positive 


" " 


E12 


7-16 " 


" " 


E2 


1-4 " 


" " 


C12 


1-4 " 


" " 


C2 


3-8 " 


" " 


C3 


1-2 " 


" " 



Positive lead is ii 
Negative lead is i 



direction of rotation of the armature, 
l opposite direction to rotation of the armature. 



On Ring Armatures the three lead wires, between the point of 
connection with the coils and the point of entering the shaft, lie 



51 

side by side; the middle wire being from coil No. 1, the right-hand 
from coil No. 2, and the left-hand from coil No. 3. These lead 
wires are colored red, white and blue, leading respectively from 
the first, second and third armature coils. 

In setting the commutator, the first half of the third coil should 
be just on the point of entering the left-hand field ; this coil will 
readily be recognized by following back the lead wire No. 3. When 
the armature is in this position the commutator should be placed 
with segment No. 2 up, then after setting the ' ' cut-out ' ' see 
directions on page 53 and giving the proper "lead" to the seg- 
ment, tighten all set screws, and then fasten the white wire in the 
binding post No. 2, the red in No. 1 and the blue in No. 3. 

Left-Hand Arc Machines. When the first half of coil 
No. 1 has just entered the right field, coil No. 2 is just entering. 
Now place the commutator with segment No. 3 up, and fasten the 
wires in the binding posts as before. 

On right-hand machines measure the lead from the edge of 
segment 2 to the tip of the negative secondary brush. Then set the 
commutator with segment marked 1 in the same relative position 
of the first coil, turning it so the lead shall come on that segment. 
After the commutator is placed in proper position, see that all of 
the set screws are properly tightened up. 

Place the screws in the binding posts at the lower ends of the 
sliding connections, and put on the dash-pot connections between 
the brushes with heads of the connecting screws outward (P ma- 
chines have screw heads inward). In every case the barrel jjart of 
the sliding connection is connected to the top brush holder, 
and the plunger part to the bottom brush holder. 

Always note that the field and regulator wires are connected, 
and that all connections are securely made. 

The jets of the air blast should clear the surface of the commu- 
tator at least l-32d of an inch. Air blasts on small dynamos are 
set by raising the regulator arm as high as possible, then turning 
the jet of the air blast into such a position that it clears the tip of 
the brush l-32d of an inch. Large air blasts are set by fastening 
the bolts in the middle of slots, then raising the regulator arm as 
high as possible until the jet clears the tip of the brush l-32d of an 
inch (see diagram page 56). After the parts have been connected 
make a careful examination of screws, joints and all moving parts. 
They must be free from stickiness, and not bind in any position. 



52 

To determine when the machine is under full load, notice the 
position of the regulator armature. This should be within l-8th of 
an inch of the stop. The normal length of spark on the commu- 
tator should be about 3-16ths of an inch. If it is less than this, 
move the commutator forward until the spark reaches the desired 
length. If the spark is too long, move it back the proper amount. 

CURRENT STRENGTH. 

The amount of current generated by each dynamo depends upon 
the adjustment of the spring in the wall controller. If the tension 
of this spring be increased, the current will be diminished. If the 
tension of this spring be diminished, the current will be increased. 

DYNAMO COINTNECTIONS. 

In setting up an arc machine the following is a convenient way 
to remember the different connections : 

Facing the commutator end of the shaft the connections are, 

Eight Field — the outside end of the winding is connected to the 
brushes ; the inside end to the binding post on the right hand 
leg of the machine. 

Left Field — the outside end of the winding is connected to the 
brushes ; the inside end to the regulator binding post on the end of 
the frame. The short wire from the regulator is also connected 
to this post, while the long wire from the regulator is connected 
to the binding post on the left hand leg of the machine. 

The negative side of the circuit is connected directly to the bind- 
ing post on the right hand leg of the machine. 

The positive side of the lamp circuit is connected to the top 
binding post of the controller. The left band lower binding post 
on the controller is connected to the binding post on the left hand 
leg of the machine, and the right hand lower binding post of the 
controller is connected to the regulator binding post on the end of 
the machine frame. 

The outside ends of the fields are always connected to the 
brushes. 



53 



DIRECTIONS FOR SETTING CUT-OUT ON 
ARC DYNAMOS. 




A — Commutator Seg- 
ments. 
B 2 
B 4 



B2) 

n 4 } Primary Brushes. 



B 1 ) o j r, i D — Point of Brush. 

B3 } Secondary Brushes. £ _ Br ^ sh Holders> 

C — Forward point of seg- F — Point of Contact, 
ment. 



To set " Cut Out." Care must be taken that the angle of 
the brush holder E is correct, and the distance of each brush 
holder from the commutator is exactly the same on the straight 
edge of the brush holder gauge. Set the brushes by the brush 
gauge, in an exactly straight position. Turn the commutator, in the 
direction of rotation of the armature, until there is just a contact 
between brush B 4 and the end of the commutator segment C, at 
the point F, see diagram. When there is just a contact and no 
more the point D on brush B* should overhang the point C on the 
following segment l-64th of one inch. Turn the commutator in 
the direction of rotation until brush B2 just makes a contact with 
the point C on the segment A3 , then the brush B3 should over- 
hang on the following segment l-64th of an inch. 

If, when the contact is exact on the primary brushes, the second- 
ary brushes overhang more than l-64th of one inch or do not come 
to the point of overhang, loosen the bolt in the adjustable connec- 
tion and move connection up or down as the case may require, 
then try again by turning commutator, and see if correct. The 
cut-out should be set only with the regulator arm down on the stop. 



54 



DIRECTIONS FOR SETTING AIR-BLAST JETS 
ON ARC DYNAMOS. 




A — Commutator Seg- 
ments. 
g 4 J Primary Brushes. 

■D3 > Secondary Brushes. 

C — Forward point of seg- 
ment. 



D— Point of Brush. 
E— Brush Holders. 
G— Air-blast Jet. 
H— Face of Air-blast. 
J— Slot in Back Plate 
and Air-blast Bolts. 



Direction or 
Jet Delivery. 

To set "Air-blast Jets." Raise the regulator arm and 
fasten it at the extreme height. When the jet is put in, the point 
K, see diagram, should come about l-32d of an inch in front of the 
end of the brush and not less than l-32d above the face of the com- 
mutator segments, and the direction of delivery of air should strike 
the commutator just in front of the under side of the point of 
the brush. If it does not strike this point, loosen the bolts at J 
and move the Air-blast on the back plate to bring it right. 

Air-blast Key- Ways. If, from any cause, an Air-blast 
key- way should break making it necessary to cut a new one, the 
proper place to cut it is exactly one-third farther around the 
circumference of shaft from the old one. 



55 



BEST POSITION OF AIR-BLAST AND JETS 
ON MD AND LD DYNAMOS. 




Lift Regulator as high as possible. 



56 



BEST POSITION OF AIR-BLAST AND JETS 
ON MD AND LD DYNAMOS. 

(See page 55.) 

With new segments. Loosen the bolts A-A-A-A and turn 
the air-blast so as to bring the bolts in the centre of the slots 
B-B-B-B. Set the brushes by the gauge. Lift the regulator lever 
as high as possible and set the point "D" of the air-blast jet l-32d 
of an inch in front of the point "P" of the brush "A." Place 
the lower jet in the same relative position with the lower brush. 

As segments wear down. Loosen the bolts A-A-A-A and 
follow up the wear of the segments by turning the air-blast to the 
right as indicated. Turn the point of the jet downward, so as to 
blow more directly through the slot between the segments. Set 
the lower jet in the same relative position with the lower brush. 



BEST POSITION OF AIR-BLAST AND JETS 
ON E, H, K, L, M AND P DYNAMOS. 

(See page 57.) 

With new segments. Set the brushes by the gauge. Lift 
the regulator as high as possible. Set the point "D" of the jet in 
line with the point "P" of the brush. Keep a space of l-32d of 
an inch between the jet and segment. 

As segments wear down. Loosen the bolts A-A-A-A and 
follow up the wear of the segments by turning the air-blast to the 
right, as indicated. Turn the point of the jet downward, so as to 
blow more directly through the slot between the segments. Set 
the lower jet in the same relative position with the lower brush. 



57 



BEST POSITION OF AIR-BLAST AND JETS 
ON E, H, K, L, M AND P DYNAMOS. 



WlfH NEW SEGMENTS. 




Lift Regulator as high as possibl 



58 

REVERSAL OF POLARITY. 

Cases are frequently reported where dynamos, from lightning 
discharges, wrong plugging on the switch-board, or some other 
reason, suffer a reversal of polarity. The effect of this is that the 
lamps in circuit with the machine burn ' ' upside down ; ' ' that is to 
say, the lower carbon becomes the positive, which has the effect of 
throwing most of the light up instead of down, and with some car- 
bons the arc will flame badly. This can be remedied temporarily 
by changing the plugs on the switch-board. 

Occasion should be taken, however, the following day or as soon 
thereafter as possible, to properly magnetize the fields so that they 
will be of the right polarity. This may be done as follows : — 

Eemove the brushes from the commutator and connect the 
points A A 1 , see cut page 47, with a short wire, run a loop from 
an other dynamo which is running, and connect at points 1ST and 
P 2 , see cut page 47 so that the current enters at N and leaves at 
P 2 , then close the switch which is placed in this loop. Allow 
the current to pass through the fields in this way for a few 
moments. Disconnect the temporary loop and reset the brushes 
and on starting again the polarity of the machine will be found 
to be correct. 

If the machine is fitted with a short-circuiting switch on the 
field winding, A A 1 need not be connected nor the brushes re- 
moved from the commutator. 

CLEANING ARC ARMATURES. 

By far the best, and in fact the only satisfactory method of 
cleaning an armature, is to tip the machine on end and remove 
the top field and the yoke rods, so as to expose the armature in 
every part. A stiff brush should then be used to loosen all 
dirt and dust which can afterward be blown out with bellows. 
After getting out all the dirt possible, take some waste and 
alcohol or methyl, and thoroughly wash the armature, rubbing 
finally with dry waste; then give it a coat of thin shellac and 
after drying several hours, it will look like a new armature. 
It is not necessary to remove the air-blast, yokes, or any trim- 
mings except the regulator. This can all be done in from four 
to five hours, and when properly done, the armature is clean. 



DIRECTIONS FOR REPLACING COILS ON 
RING ARMATURES. 



In case it becomes necessary to remove a faulty coil the follow- 
ing directions should be carefully followed: — 

After the armature has been taken out of the fields, remove the 
brass binding wire. This will have to be done by cutting the 
bands with hack-saw or file, care being taken to cover all the ex- 
posed parts of the armature with a cloth so as to prevent filings 
from lodging on the winding. Carefully remove the insulating 
bands, as they can be used again in rebinding the armature. Ke- 
move the cord and the tape from the joints of the lead wires. Take 
out the lead wires and remove the wooden discs from the shaft. 
These discs are held in place by a set-screw, passing through a brass 
piece set into the disc and resting on the shaft. Unsolder the 
joints of the coils that are to be removed. 

Take out the bolts holding the two gun-metal spiders together. 
The loose spider is on the commutator end of the shaft. The 
spider next to the pulley is securely fastened to the shaft by a 
steel pin driven tightly into a reamed hole, passing through both 
spider and shaft. By driving on the commutator end of the shaft 
with a hard-wood block, mallet or lead hammer, the shaft with 
the fixed spider may be removed and the remaining loose spider 
may then be driven out with a block of wood. Before removing 
the shaft and spiders note the position of the wedge. - Its position 
in the iron core is always indicated by the letter "W" plainly 
stamped on the hub of loose spider. 

Caution. While working on the armature it should rest on 
the floor on a mattrass or bag of waste so as to avoid any injury to 
the wire. 

The wooden spacing blocks having been removed, slip the coils 
around on the core until the imperfect coils are over the wedge; 
then spread these coils apart so as to expose the wedge, and cut 
away the insulation on the core for a space of 3^ ;/ on top and 
bottom, over the space containing the wedge ; wedge may then be 
driven out towards center of core, care being taken that it does not 
drop on the coils opposite and injure them. The faulty coils may 
now be removed, new ones inserted to take their places, and the 



"wedge replaced and reinsulated very carefully. This insulation is 
put on, beginning with the layer next to iron core, as follows : — 
1 layer of paper, 1 layer of mica, 

1 " mica, 1 " canvas, 

1 " sheeting, 1 " tape, 

1 " tape, 1 " paper. 

As shown below the insulation of wedge should break joints with 
the insulation of the body of the core; i.e., on a line %" to ji" from 
':'#" cut half through and remove the insulation, then insulate the 
space "<rc" one half the regular thickness, and the space "££*' 
the remaining half. This will break joints and prevent any pos- 
sibility of a contact through the openings caused by cutting away 
the wedge insulation. 




The loose spider may now be put in and afterwards the fixed 
spider and shaft, the bolts inserted and the nuts tightened up. 
Put on the wooden discs and carefully solder and tape all the joints 
of lead wires and cross connections. 

The spacing blocks having been replaced in their proper posi- 
tions, and the connections soldered and taped, the armature is now 
ready to be bound. This can best be done in a lathe, but when 
this is impracticable the armature may be mounted in the regular 
dynamo legs, set out on the floor, and power applied either by hand 
or any other suitable and convenient method. 



61 

The binding wire used is No. 11, hard brass. The method and 
the disposition of the binding wire is clearly shown on the original 
bands of armature and should be carefully noted. The same brass 
clips may be used, provided due care has been taken to bend up the 
ends when the old band was taken off. 



CAUSES FOR FLASHING OF ARC 
DYNAMOS. 

1. The Air-Blast may be loose on the Back-Plate. 

2. The Air Screens may be stopped with dirt. 

3. The Air-Blast Wings may be in wrong. 

4. The Air-Blast Jets may be jammed, or set too far away. 

5. The Jets of the Air-Blast may not be properly placed with 

respect to the Commutator Slots. 

6. The Commutator may not be set right. 

7. The Cut-out may be set too strong. 

8. The Regulator, Yoke, etc., connections may be sticky. 

9. There may be a poor contact in the Controller. 

10. The machine may be over-loaded, or the belt may slip. 

11. The Regulator Dash-Pot may be too stiff, or too weak. 

12. There may be too much Oil used, or the quality of the Oil may 

be poor. Any animal oil will cause flashing. 

13. The too frequent wiping of the Commutator with a rag may 

cause lint to collect, which, when carbonized, would short- 
circuit machine. 

14. Dirt collecting at points of insulation may form contacts. 

15. There may be a contact or a break in the Armature winding. 

16. There may be Contact in the Field Coils. 

17. There may be bad Connection in the Lamps. 

18. There may be a portion of the circuit which is periodically cut 

out by contact to ground, as by a wire swinging in the wind. 



^ 



ARC DYNAMOS. 

Thomson Houston Electric Co 



June i, i8g2 



No. 3o4g 




CLASS 


C 


E 


H 


K 


L 


M 


P 


LD 


MD 


WEIGHT 


725 


1450 


2200 


3500 


4025 


4200 


5725 


5200 


5975 


SPEED 


1250 


1000 


950 


900 


850 


850 


820 


820 


820 


LIGHTS l2 c°£ 


4 


9 


18 


30 


— 


45 


— 


50 


— 


» 2 c 00 p° 


3 


6 


12 


20 


25 


30 


45 


35 


50 


KILOWATTS 


VA 


3 


6 


10 


12/2 


15 


22/ 2 


17/2 


25 


A 


29% 


35/ 2 


40/4 


43k 


45/4 


45/a 


47/ 2 


46% 


47 


B 


25% 


31 


35/ £ 


38 


39% 


40 


42/a 


41% 


4l 3 /4 


C 


^5'/^ 


32 


56 


37/4 


39/4 


39/4 


4I/2 


39% 


39/2 


D 


27 


34 


38/4 


39/, 


41/2 


41/z 


43/ 2 


4I/2 


41/2 


E 


17/4 


23/ 2 


28/2 


32/4 


35/4 


36/ 2 


39/4 


36 


37 


F 


9/4 


13 


14% 


\7 { k 


18/4 


19/4 


20% 


19% 


19% 


G 


19/* 


25 


28/4 


33 


34% 


35/4 


37/2 


35/4 


35/a 


H 


52/ 2 


3&A 


44fc 


45/ 2 


47/4 


47% 


50% 


47% 


47^ 


1 


58Y S 


45/a 


50/ 2 


51/e 


52/4 


52% 


55/4 


52/* 


52/4 


K 


5/e 


5/e 


5/8 


5/8 


6% 


6% 


6% 


6% 


6% 


L 


33% 


43% 


50/4 


60% 


64% 


63/2 


73 


64 


64/a 


M 


\4% 


19 


21/e 


27/4 


28% 


28/a 


30% 


27/2 


28 


N 


8 


10 


12 


15 


15 


15 


18 


16 


18 


0' 


AVz 


5 


6 


8 


8 


8 


10 


8 


10 


O" 


Y/z 


178 


2% 


2% 


27a 


2/8 


3/4- 


27a 


2/e 


P 


\8 


23/ 2 


26/ 2 


33V* 


36/ 2 


36% 


40% 


36/2 


36% 


R 


21 


27 


30/a 


38% 


41/4 


41% 


45/ 2 


41% 


41% 


S 


21/e 


27/ 2 


30/a 


39/4 


42/a 


42/a 


46% 


42/a 


42/2 




L 


r 


G 


H 


J 


K 


L 


M 


N 





T 


15'? 


i la 


62 


6 


8 


39 


24 


12 


Bl 


12 


19 


^ 


1 1| 


62 


6 


8 


39 


24 


12 


6r 


12 


21? 


$ 


iig 


62 


6 


8 


39 


24 


12 


6| 


12 


27; 


!4J 


16} 


62 


6 


8 


47 


24 


12 


6| 


12 


28f 


►45 


I6i 


62 


6 


8 


47 


24 


12 


6| 


12 


28i 


[41 


"6; 


62 


6 


8 


47 


24 


12 


6| 


12 


27^ 


K 


»4 


62 


6 


8 


47 


24 


12 


6* 


12 


28 


21 


— 


62 


6 


6 


30 


18 


12 


5s 


9 


I9f 


?5i 


ill 


62 


6 


8 


39 


24 


12 


6* 


12 


25* 



IDATION DIMENSIONS 

tor 

>°SPH. INC. DYNAMOS 

OMSON-HOUSTON ELECTRIC CO. 
ENGINEERING DEPT. 

f. A pp. «#z^ a .tx~*~M*„CH22J892. 







CLASS 


A 


B 


c 


D 


L 


F 


G 


H 


J 


K 


L 


M 


N 





T 




i 


e: 


88 


64 


70 


46 


25 2 L 


Ms 


62 


6 


8 


39 


24 


12 


6i 


12 


19 




H 


88 


64 


70 


46 




"i| 


62 


6 


8 


39 


24 


12 


s-.', 


12 


-''.'■ 


NUMBER Or BRICK 




K 




64 


70 


46 


' 


lit 


62 


6 


8 


39 


24 


12 


6| 


12 


"' 


CLASS 


>IM 




L 


8R 






54 






67 


fi 


8 




24 


17 


6jl 




■H 




II II 


M 


flfi 


6? 


78 


54 


24j 


I6i 


62 


6 


8 


47 


24 


12 


6^ 


12 


2Bi 


E.H.K.HI 


ooo 


LD 


„a 


62 


78 


54 


24j 


16; 


62 


6 


8 


47 


24 


12 


6i 


12 














MO 


86 


6? 


78 


54 


1244 


16 \ 


R? 


6 


8 


47 


24 


12 


6i 


12 


28 




z 


CI 


79 


ss 


Bl 


37 


21 


— 


6? 


e 


8 


30 


18 


12 


5i 


9 


19* 




HI 




64 


70 


46 




62 


6 


8 


39 


24 


12 


6* 


12 





PROVIDE rOOTINOS TOR BRICK FOUNDATION. 
fOOTINCS SHOULD BE TLAT STONES LAID 
IN CEMENT 

Depth or foundation should be coverned 

Brick foundation must be properly bonded 
every tenth course with proper bond stones. 
Timbers and tloorinc on foundation must 
be independent of station fiooh 



FOUNDATION DIMENSIONS 



ARC/SPH. INC. DYNAMOS 







'"'"JuMWTirnhmnGt 




















. 


























. 








. 













67 








?wM^vvt^ 






VU.3%HG. 



ZLfk.lS, \$?o. 



ARC FIELDS. 



THE TABLE REFERS TO ONE SPOOL, OR ONE HALF 
OF ENTIRE FIELD. 



Class of Machine. 


Size of Wire. 
B. and S. 


No. of Layers. 


Cold 
Resistance. 


C12 


10 


7 


1.92 


C2 


9 


7 


1.42 


E12 


10 


10 


4.43 


E2 


8 


7 


1.50 


H12 


10 


10 


6.52 


H2 


8 


9 


3.21 


K12 


9 


12 


6.6 


K2 


8 


9 


3.45 


L 


8 


11 


5.2 


M12 


10 


15 


14.0 


M2 


8 


12 


5.86 


p 


8 


13 


7.5 


LD12 


10 


13 


11.91 


LD2 


9 


10 


6.65 


MD 


8 


13 


6.05 



Approximate H. P. consumed at dynamo pulley of arc machine 
when running under full load. 

Classification. H. P. 

C 3 



E . 
H . 
K . 
M . 
LD 
MD 



15 
23 

27 
38 



72 



3RC PLUG aWlTCM^O^RDa. 



Classification. 

2 circuit board 



12 
16 
20 
24 



Dimensions. 

14" X 18K" 

24" X 24X" 

34" X 29^" 

4' X 31^" 

5' 8" X 41^" 

8' X 4' 6^" 

11' 4" X 6'3X" 



73 




i 



75 



INSTRUCTIONS FOR REPAIRING, TESTING 
AND ADJUSTING ARC LAMPS. 

It frequently becomes necessary, after the lamps have been in 
use for a considerable length of time, and especially when used for 
street lighting, to repair and readjust them. 

If the parts are not complete it will be necessary to put new parts 
in a lamp. These can be ordered by referring to the number of 
the part needed in the Catalogue of Parts, Arc Lighting. 

After the repairing has been done, it is very necessary that the 
lamp be tested and readjusted, for experience shows that when- 
ever even one new part of the lamp or dynamo has been put in 
without being tested it has caused trouble, and we therefore always 
advise that in no case should a piece of apparatus be used without 
first being tested and adjusted. 

In order to properly test the lamps that have been repaired, we 
should advise selecting some part of the station where the lamps 
will not be subjected to draughts of air, otherwise they may hiss 
and act badly no matter how carefully the adjustments are made. 

We will suppose that the lamps have been hung up in some such 
location and have been attached to the hanging boards or some 
similar arrangement for connecting to the circuit in the usual 
manner. 

The carbon rods should be cleaned thoroughly with cotton waste. 
If any sticky or dirty spots appear which cannot be readily removed 
with waste, use a piece of well worn crocus cloth, always being 
careful to use a piece of clean waste after the crocus cloth and be- 
fore pushing the rod up into the lamp. This is of the utmost im- 
portance, and it will be well for the trimmer to keep in mind that 
under no circumstances whatever should the rods be pushed up 
into the lamps in a dirty condition, but should always be cleaned 
after the manner just described. 

The tension of the rods is adjusted by raising or lowering the 
arm at the top of the guide rod, thus increasing or diminishing the 
tension on the clamp spring. If the tension is too tight the rod 
and clutch will wear badly, and the feeding will be uneven, causing 
unsteadiness in the lights. If the tension is too weak the clutch 
will not hold the rod firmly, and any sudden jar to the lamp will 
cause the rod to fall and the light to go out. 



76 



=^m 



M 



BG 








a^J 




77 

The double or M lamp should have the tension of the second 
carbon rod a trifle lighter than that of the first. 

When adjusting the tension be sure to keep the guide rod per- 
pendicular; that is, in perfect line with the carbon rod, and it 
should be free to move up and down without sticking. 

The tension of the clutch in the D lamp should be the same as 
that of the K lamp, and is adjusted by tightening or loosening the 
small coil spring from the arm of the clutch to the bottom of the 
clamp stop. 

To adjust the feeding point in the K lamp, press down the main 
armature as far as it will go, then push up the rod about one-half 
its length, release the armature and then press it down slowly, and 
note the position of the lower side of armature above the base of 
the curved part of the magnets. When the rod just feeds this 
should be l-4th of an inch. If it is not, raise or lower the small 
stop which slides on the guide rod passing through the arm of the 
clutch until the carbon rod will feed at that point. 

To adjust the feeding point of the M lamp the above will indicate 
what should be done in regard to the first rod. After this has 
been done let the first rod down till the cap at the top rests on the 
transfer lever. The second rod should feed with the armature at a 
point l-16th of an inch higher than it was while feeding first rod ; 
that is, it should be 5-16ths of an inch from the magnets. 

The feeding point of the D lamp is adjusted by sliding the clamp 
stop up or down so that the rod will feed when tbe relative dis- 
tance of the armature of the lifting and the armature of the shunt 
magnets from the rocker frame are in the ratio of two to one. 
There should be a slight play in the rocker, between the lugs of the 
rocker frame. 

Make a careful examination of all joints, screws, wires and all 
parts of lamps. The armatures of all magnets should be central 
with cores, and come down squarely and evenly. There should be 
a separation of l-32d of an inch between the silver contact points 
when armature of the starting magnet is down. The contact 
should be perfect when the armature is up. The arm for adjusting 
the tension should not touch the wire or frame of the lamp when 
at the highest point. There should be a space of 3-32ds of an inch 
or l-8th of an inch between the body and the arm of the clutch. 
This is to allow for wear on the bearing surfaces. 



78 




r m 



79 

Always trim lamps with carbons of proper length to cut out 
automatically ; that is, the carbon rod in the upper holder should 
be twice as long as the piece which projects from the lower holder. 
Always allow a space of l-4th of an inch from the round headed 
screw in the rod near the upper carbon holder to the edge of the 
upper bushing when the switch is turned off so as to allow 
sufficient space to start the arc. 

Be careful to get the carbons as accurately centered as possible. 
They will generally come right after one or two trials, by turning 
them around in the holders and clamping them in different 
positions. The arcs of the 1200 candle-power lamps should be 
adjusted to 3-64ths of an inch, with full length of carbon. Arcs of 
2000 candle-power lamps should be adjusted from l-16th of an inch 
to 3-32ds of an inch when good carbons are used. Lamps should 
always maintain a fairly even arc, Its length will slightly increase 
as the carbons burn away, but they should not hiss, flame or over- 
feed at any time. If the switch be thrown and the lamp cut off 
and then turned on quickly, the top carbon should "pickup" 
promptly with the normal arc and not hiss over a few seconds, and 
then burn as quietly as before. 

When the top carbon rod is drawn up by hand, the lamp should 
cut out promptly, and not " flash" the dynamo. In case the arc 
is very long or causes flashing, look at the contacts and see that 
they are clean and make a good square contact. Also examine the 
centering of the armature. The cause of the trouble will usually 
be found in one of these places. 

The action of a bad-feeding lamp may be confounded with that 
of a bad-flaming carbon. This can be readily distinguished after 
a few minutes' observation. The arc of a bad-feeding lamp will 
gradually grow long until it flames, the clutch will let go suddenly, 
the top carbon will fall until it touches the lower one and then 
"pickup." A bad carbon will burn nicely and feed evenly until 
a bad spot in the carbon is reached, when the arc will suddenly 
become long and flame and smoke; due to impurities in the 
carbon. Instead of dropping as in former case, the top carbon 
will go down to the correct position without touching the bottom 
carbon. 

After the lamp has been tested and burns satisfactorily in the 
station, tighten up the adjusting screws, and, if necessary, put a 
small amount of thick shellac on bottom of guide rod. This will 



80 

prevent the stop from falling in case the screw which holds it 
becomes loose or broken. The lamp is now ready to be placed in 
the circuit and should be put in some part of the station where it 
will not become covered with dust before it is taken out. If it 
has become dusty, use a small hand bellows to blow away the dust 
that may have collected on it before placing in the circuit. Always 
close the cut-out switch on a lamp before trimming. 



Direct Current 

Incandescent Lighting 

Apparatus. 




Spherical Incandescent Dynamo. 



85 



THE INCANDESCENT LAMP. 



An incandescent lamp consists of a thin rod or filament of hard 
carbon sealed in a glass globe from which the air has been ex- 
hausted. The conductors through the glass consist of two small 
pieces of platinum wire upon the inside ends of which the carbon 
filament is mounted. 

The durability or "life" of the lamp depends on the brilliancy 
or degree of incandescence to which the filament is brought by 
the electric current ; that is the temperature at which the filament 
is maintained directly affects its life. The potential at the lamps 
should remain at the standard under all circumstances. A very 
slight increase in brightness or degree of incandescence in a lamp 
above that for which it is made will greatly shorten its life, and 
far more rapidly than in the ratio of the increase of brilliancy. 

Within ordinary commercial limits the candle power of an in- 
candescent lamp will be raised 5 per cent., and the life shortened 
from 15 per cent, to 18 per cent, for every 1 per cent, increase in 
the E. M. F. above normal. 

It is always desirable, where it can be done, to install the lamps 
so that they shall project downward instead of upward or sidewise, 
as there will be less shadow and less trouble from the filaments 
changing their position, particularly with high-voltage lamps. 
With a long and thin filament, there is some risk of its sagging, 
particularly if overstrained. 



r 



SPHERICAL TYPE. 

-INCANDESCENT DYNAMOS. 
ISOLATED STATION. 



Classification. 


Volts. 


Out put in 
Amperes. 


No. of 16 C. P. 
Lamps. 


Approx. H. P. 

consumed at 

Dynamo. 


B 1 


75 


48 


60 


8 


C I 


75 


96 


125 


13 


CI 


110 


72 


125 


13 


E I 


75 


180 


250 


25 


E I 


110 


135 


250 


25 


H I 


75 


360 


450 


45 


H I 


110 


270 


450 


45 



■*_ 



87 



&*t. 13,1891. 



"f 




eta**. 



DUt WiiaU. 



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700. 



1600. 



60. 



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31 



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23% 



63. 



12 0. 



\550 



125 



8000 

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as J* 



AA_ 



22 50. 



\2 50. 



150. 



\6000. 

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32k 

HS 

\2 

10 

%h 

33 g 

23i 
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27h 
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J5J. 



HHOO. 



I 150. 



H50. 



30000. 

l5J 

H0\ 
62>k 
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38 A 

25h 
33>j 
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SHOWING METHOD OF 

—USING — 

EQUALIZING CONNECTION 




93 



A 



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97 




Bipolar Incandescent Dynamo. 



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CO 


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CO 




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BIPOLAR GENERATORS 

FOR 
INCANDESCENT LIGHTING. 



Classifi- 
cation. 


Amp. at 
125 Volts. 


Amp. at 
110 Volts. 


No. 
of 16 C. P. 

Lamps. 
Cent. Stat. 


No. 
of 16 C. P. 
Lamps Iso- 
lated Plants. 


Old 
Classifica- 
tion. 


Motor 
Classifica- 
tion. 


D 2 


16 


18 


26 


27 


— 


4 


D 3 


24 


27 


40 


45 


1 


6 


D 5 


40 


45 


65 


75 


2 


10 


D V/ 2 


60 


68 


100 


110 


3 


15 


D 10 


80 


90 


135 


150 


4 


20 


D 15 


120 


130 


200 


215 


6 


30 


D 20 


160 


182 


275 


300 


8 


50 


D 25 


200 


227 


370 


380 


— 


60 


D 30 


240 


270 


420 


450 


12 


70 


D 40 


320 


360 


530 


600 


16 


100 


D 50 


400 


450 


700 


750 


20 


120 


D 62 


500 


540 


870 


900 


25 


150 


D 90 


720 


810 


1250 


1350 


— " 


220 



105 






U) 




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107 



fi 











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1 




^S^ 7 DYNAMO NS2. 
[ 0^ GHAM SH0 */NG 

'TWO INCANDESCENT OYHAMOS 

IN MULTIPLE 

AND USE OF 



THOMSON -HOUSTON ELECTRIG CO. 
J>Tg3443. Jan. 20,1892. <J*pp.CL£%.. 



113 




Direct Coupled Incandescent Dynamo. 



115 



DIRECT CURRENT SLOW SPEED DYNAMOS. 



Classifica- 
tion. 


Capacity 

in 
Kilowatts. 


Capacity 

in 16 C. P. 

Lamps 


Volts. 


Speed. 


Weight 
Dynamo 


Floor Space. 
Width. 
Length. 


X 


4- 4-800 
4- 8-550 
4-15-550 
4-30-500 


4 

8 
15 
30 


66 
132 
250 
500 


80 
100 
100 
100 


800 
550 
550 
500 


429 
1142 
1700 
2930 


24 x 26 in. 

31x36 " 
33x40 " 
39x46 " 


25 in. 
34" 

38 " 
48 " 



VERTICAL ENGINES FOR DIRECT CONNEC- 
TION TO T.-H. SLOW SPEED DYNAMOS. 



Class. 
Dynamo. 


Make 
Engine. 


Cylinder 


Size. 


Speed 


H.P. 
at 

80 lbs. 
Steam 




£ 


Steam 
Pipe. 


Ex- 
haust. 
Pipe. 


4- 4-800 


J. T. Case 


single 


3x3 in. 


800 


6* 


288 


24in. 


fin. 


1 in. 


4- 8-550 


J. T. Case 


single 


5x5" 


550 


13 


1196 


39£" 


H" 


2 " 


4-15-550 


J. T. Case 


double 


5x5 " 


550 


25 


1450 


39£" 


2 " 


2i" 


4-30-500 


Sturteyant 


double 


9x51" 


500 


50 


3200 


59 " 


2i" 


3£" 



With Steam Pressure at 120 lbs. 



CAST IRON FOUNDATION BASES FOR 
ENGINE AND DYNAMO. 



Class. 


Make 
Engine. 


Weight 


Length. 
Width. 


Weight. 
Set com- 
plete. 


Dimensions of Set, over all. 




Length. 


Width. 


Height. 


4- 4-800 
4- 8-550 
4-15-550 
4-30-500 


J. T. Case 
J. T. case 
J, T. Case 
Sturteyant 


180 

372 
575 
1000 


24 x 34 in. 
30 x50 " 

32£x60£" 
40 x85 " 


900 
2700 
3725 
7130 


40 in. 

62 " 
73 " 
85 " 


24 in. 
31 " 

32i" 
40 " 


27 in. 
43|" 
46 " 
65 " 



Alternating Current 

Incandescent Lighting 

Apparatus. 




Alternating Current Incandescent Dynamo. 



121 



THE ALTERNATING CURRENT 
DYNAMO. 



The dynamo machinery for the alternating current system con- 
sists of an alternating dynamo and its exciter. 

The alternating dynamo is of the multipolar type shown in the 
cut, and the exciter is a simple shunt wound bipolar dynamo. 

The instructions for the installation, operation and care of 
dynamos, pages 27 to 38, will apply directly to the alternator exciter 
and in great part to the alternating dynamo itself. 

INSTRUCTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN START- 
ING A NEW ALTERNATING DYNAMO. 

When sure that all connections are correctly made and that 
adjustments are properly attended to, the machines may he started. 
See that the automatic oiling rings of both the dynamo and exciter 
bearings are working properly. 

When the machines are in motion, wrap a piece of sand paper 
around a flat block and polish the commutators with it. Then, 
with a cloth, not cotton waste, apply a little vaseline to the surfaces 
of the commutators. When sure that the machines have their 
proper speeds and that all switches are open, lower the brushes to 
the commutators. Be sure that each brush bears squarely and 
evenly against the surface of the commutator. 

When the brushes are all down, turn the handles of the rheostats 
over to the right as far as they will go and then close the field 
switch of the exciter and the exciting circuit switch of the switch 
board. Eock the exciter brushes back and forth until the point 
of non-sparking (neutral point) is found, and then clamp the brush 
yoke in position by means of the thumb screw. 

By this time, as the potential indicator will show, the machine 
will have commenced to generate. The handles of the rheostats 
should now be slowly turned over to the left until the pointer of 
the potential indicator stands at 52. See that the exciter brushes 
do not spark. If everything is running properly the main double 
pole switch may be closed, thus throwing the outside circuits on 
the machine. 



122 

Note the voltage shown by the potential indicator. This instru- 
ment should now read neither more or less than 52 volts. If it 
reads less than 52 the brushes on the commutator of the alternator 
should be thrown backward or forward to the next neutral point. 
The distance of this point from the first one will be about equal to 
the width of one commutator segment. Provided the brushes have 
been properly set, the neutral point may be readily recognized by 
an entire absence of sparking at the brushes. When this new 
neutral point is reached the voltage will be foimd to have been in- 
creased. In case of machines adjusted for 5 per cent, loss, the 
potential indicator should register 54.5 volts when at full load, and 
for 10 per cent, loss 57.5 volts. The yoke should now be firmly 
clamped to avoid any shifting of the brushes. When the brushes 
have their proper position, the handle of the yoke in nearly every 
case, will be vertical. 

If the regulation of the driving power is good, the machine will 
automatically compensate for any changes of load, and the rheostat 
handles will seldom need to be moved, excepting after long con- 
tinued runs when the fields become heated and their resistance 
consequently, increased. 

If any of the brushes or brush holders on the alternator should 
be touched while the machine is in operation, care should be taken 
that the person is not in contact with aDy other part of the 
machine. 

Especial care should be used in handling the alternating machine. 
It is advisable to always stand on the insulating cap of the foun- 
dation and use only one hand to make necessary adjustments. 






CM 
CO 

oo 



PL- 

to 

;to 

01: 

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:oo 






<moQUJiL 



^: 



ar 



\00 » 



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« 




127 



EXCITERS. 







Volts. 


Weight. 


Speed. 


Pulley. 


Floor Space. 












Dia. 


Face. 


Bore. 




D 2 


16 


110 


332 


2,200 


w 


2 


1 


24 x 28% in. 


D 3 


24 


110 


518 


2,400 


5 


3 


1% 


29^x24% « 


D 5 


40 


110 


714 


2,000 


6 


4 


w* 


30^8 x 30 " 


D 1% 


60 


110 


1,103 


1,600 


8 


5 


tya 


37^x33^ " 


D10 


80 


110 


1,470 


1,600 


8 


6 


m 


40J4 x 37 " 



The D 2 Exciter is used with one or two A 25, one or two A 50 
or one A 100 dynamo. 

The D 3 Exciter with one A 200 or two A 100 dynamos. 

The approximate current required in the composite field of the 
alternating current dynamos is as follows : 



OLD TYPE 


NEW TYPE. 


Old Classification. 


Old Classification. 


New Classification. 


A 18 


7.8 amp. 


A 25 


3.0 amp. 


A 10-30-1500 


3.15 amp. 


A 35 


6.0 " 


A 50 


4.0 " 


A 10-60-1500 


4.20 " 


A 70 


12.0 " 


A 100 


6.5 " 


A 14-120-1070 


7.35 " 


A 165 


30.0 " 


A 200 


10.0 " 


A 22-300-682 


20.00 " 



The new classification is denoted by the letter A (alternating), 
followed by three numbers separated by dashes, the first number 
indicating the number of poles of the machine, the second its out- 
put in kilowatts, and the third the armature speed in revolutions 
per minute. 



[ 


a 


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g 


o 




a 


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a 


a 


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a 


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<£ L. Q a oa t- I- S 




CLASS 


A-18 


A- 25 


A-35 


A-50 


A-70 


A- 100 


A-165 




2389 








:.-.<■;■ 












663 








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Sptto 








' ■ 


1070 














1000 




a 






30 


so 


65 






















100 





















A-18 WILL Bt5rEET 


CUSS 


25 


35-50 


70^00 


165 




2 A 5 


35-50 


A 
70-100 


A 


DEEP AND6I - X67" 
AT BASE AND 49XS5 
















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a 






NUMBCR OF BRICKS 




F 




64J 


100 


122 


T 


39 


38 


4Sj 


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CLASS 


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A 18 








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A25 








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;/ 














AI65 


9500 







12 


'2 


12 


- 


-' 


13 


la 


IS _ 


20 



Provide footincs for brick foundation 

TOOTINCS SHOULD BE TLAT STONES LAID IN CEMENT 

Depth or foundation shoulo be ooverned by thc 
bottom found and never less than f"lvc feet 
Brick foundation must be properly bonded every 
tenth course with proper bond stones. 
Timbers and flooring on foundation must be 
independent of station floor . 



FOUNDATION DIMENSIONS 

tor 

ALTERNATING DYNAMOS 

THOMSON- HOUSTON ELECTRIC CO. 
ENGINEERING OEPT 

A/l 349/ Apr <#zjp~~™.~ March 14. 1891 



131 



- 




Connections ofA-25 

:OMPOSITE-FIELD DYNAMO 

0.3551. General Electric Co. AuG.i5,i89a 



133 




Connections orA-50 

COMPOSITE-FIELD DYNAMO 

No. 5527. General Electric Co. Au£. 15, 1892. 



135 



CONNECTION'S OF A-lOO 

COMPOSITE FIELD DYNAMOS 




SNd.3532. General Electric Co. Julyl5,'92. 




OCT.I>) 



0£& *M63. 



L 






139 



- S 




ALTERNATING STREET SYSTEM 



IN CONNECTION WITH 

HOUSE LIGHTING by TRANSFORMERS . 
fc*™ T-H. ELECTRIC C* 

OO/I. Arp-CtvC:&. ._ DEC.14,1891. 



CONNECTIONS 



OF 



GEfflJMB DETECTORS 



ALTERNATING 
GROUND DETECTOR 
FOR ONE CIRCUIT. 




To Q round" 

DIRECT CURRENT 
qROUND DETECTOR. 

jJeuW Wire "m 
ti-MYire Sv^&te^ 




ALTERNATING 
GROUND DETECTOR 
FOR TWO CIRCUITS. 




ToGtRound 



-~}i=ia 

TO GJROUND !— -4 

IF THE LAMP BURNS A GROUND 
IS INDICATED ON THE OPPOSITE 
SIDE OF THE CIRCUIT FROM 
THAT TO WHICH THE SWITCH 
IS CONNECTED. 

OCT. 15, 1891. 

A pp .lLC#. 



3261. 




E- 







SKELETON SWITCHBOARD 

ALTERNATING SYSTEM 

WITH 

I ll\ir I 1 V i\i An«n 

Ul^lL U I INrMVlS^ AND CONNECTED TO WATER PIPE BY A COPPER STRIPW«V2. 

When wires are run through the floor, class 
M.34S8 Jlpp. /i^A Fel. 11,1892. insulators will be used. 



s 

> 






^ 







LACED 

UNO B 

HE. F 
ED. 




*2 *-§ 














2*8 x? 




eta* *~ 
« 3\= CO < 






EHTNINC A 
BOARD AND 
R STRIP '/ 
HCN WIRE 
ASS INSUL 




JoS>o 








(BCTODS 

FOUR fl-70 

•siTErPishD Dynnmos 

STY SWITCHBOARD 




jW. 30 



►T^TO[CofjfJBCTlOf(§ 
FOURfl-70 

Cotopositwield Dynflnws 

'a.C% SflPETY SWITCHBOARD 




" i: . 



05? £ 

I ' i \, A ■ 




T\m 33HH 




THREE UNIT SWITCHBOARD 

8RUSH ALTERNATING SYSTEM. 

THOMSON-HOUSTON ELECTRIC COMPANY. 



^ 



151 



MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR SINGLE SKELE- 
TON SWITCHBOARD. 



Quantity. 


Article. 


40 feet 


No. 4 Clark Wire for A35 and 50 


Or 40 " 


" 2 " for A70 and 100 


25 " 


" 8 


50 " 


" 14 


5 " 


Silk Cord. 


25 " 


L3 Porcelain Cleats and Backs. 


10 " 


M3 


15 " 


M2 


6 " 


MM 


35 " 


E2 Porcelain Knobs. 


60 " 


El " 


3 " 


Type G. Eosettes. 


3 " 


Pilot Lamps, complete. 


200 " 


1 1-4" No. 9 Screws, flat head bright. 


10 " 


2" "13 " round head brass. 


20 " 


3" Glass Floor Insulators. 


20 " 


1-16" x 2" Copper Strip. 


24 " 


2" No. 9 Screws, flat head bright. 



153 



r n 




Type F Transformer. 



155 



TRANSFORMERS. 



When possible transformers should be placed on poles. When 
fastened to the sides of buildings they should be separated from 
the building by blocks of well seasoned wood, coated with water- 
proof paint. 

Transformers are equipped witb iron hooks, see cut, page 153, 
which are bolted firmly to the transformer case and are then 
hooked over a cross bar fastened in a horizontal position. This 
arrangement greatly facilitates the installation of the transformer 
and allows easy removal in case a change is required. 

If it is necessary to place two transformers upon the same 
pole, a four pin cross arm can be used instead of the lower two 
pin arm, as shown in diagram B 503, page 179. The transformer 
sills should be bolted to the outer ends of cross-arms, to allow 
sufficient room for a lineman to pass between them. 

Transformers should not be placed inside of buildings, unless 
special permission is obtained from the underwriters, and it is 
recommended that all transformers so placed be inclosed in fire- 
proof closets, having a connection with the chimney for ven- 
tilating purposes. 

Transformer boxes should be given a coat of good water-proof 
paint at least once a year, for the purpose of preventing the 
box from rusting. 

Transformer lightning arresters (Type E) should be installed 
as shown in diagram B 508, page 189. 

DIRECTIONS FOR INSTALLING TYPE F TRANSFORMERS. 
In installing type F transformers it is necessary to place a cut- 
out box in circuit with the primary wires between the main and 
transformer leads. Secondary fuses are to be placed inside the 
building at or near the point where the secondary wires enter. 
The grounding wire, which is placed between the primary and 
secondary leads on the left hand side of the transformer, should be 
well grounded by being connected to water or gas pipe. This 
grounding wire should have as few bends as possible on its line to 
earth. 



156 

All transformers are designed to be filled with oil. The oil 
should be put in immediately after the transformer is installed be- 
fore any current is thrown on the transformer. This oil greatly 
increases the insulation of the transformer and renders it less sub- 
ject to damage from lightning discharges. An oil best suited for 
the purpose has been selected and will be furnished free with each 
order for transformers requiring not less than five gallons, and will 
be sent in cans of five gallons or multiples of five. 

The amount of oil required for each size of type F transformer is 
given in the following table : 

F 600 watts 2 quarts. F 2,500 watts 6 quarts. 

F 1,000 " 2% " F 4,500 " V/ 2 " 

F 1,500 " 4^ " F 7,500 " 9 

With orders requiring less than five gallons, oil will not be sent 
unless specially ordered. 



157 



%&. M;'9L 



# 



TYPE E 
TRANSFORMERS 



3318 




1000 VOLTS ON PRIMARY CIRCUIT. 
52o R |Q4 - » SECONDARY 





Class 


Weioht 


A 


B 


C 


D 


E 


F 


LlCHTS 


IE 


53 


91 


8| 


7i 


24 


134 


7 


5 


2E 


88 


io! 


9! 


91 


21 


I5| 


74 


10 


3E 


110 


II 


9| 


12* 


2* 


18 § 


71 


15 


5E 


135 


\1l 


II 


io4 


2| 


I7| 


94 


25 


8E 


180 


I5| 


14* 


ill 


2f 


18 * 


94 


40 





159 



mjs,m™^ 



TO LAMP 
/* CIRCUIT 




TO LAMP 
CIRCUIT 



2 






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1- 




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PC CO K Pi CO 

< « CO ^= 

= » > z ' 

>■ = OT S I w 

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GO 



y x >- _ 

U. h tn z 






^ 



161 



TRANSFORMER! 




WOUND 



FOR 



1040 VOLTS ON PRIMARY CIRCUITS 



;52oh 


104 


H 




.1 SECONDARY 




ff 










JWatts 


WB6HT 


A 


B 


C 


D 


E 


F 


O 


Lights 




F 


600 


66 


ioir 


3 


Bfc 


2% 


12% 


6£ 


134 


12 




F 


1000 


85 


10% 


8^ 


8'te 


2% 


14% 


8* 


16 


20 




F 


1500 


117 


141 


134 


6 


3 


13 


3 


15 


30 




F 


2500 


144 


14% 


13% 


7^ 


3 


144 


m 


16^ 


50 




[F 


4500 


215 


15 


13% 


10% 


V/a 


18% 


8>8 


\d 7 4 


30 




F 


7500 


315 


15 


13% 


164 


$y 4 


231 


8^ 


Zbk 


150 




f No. 3446 Jan,9 1892 App.IM. 




— ^— 





163 



FOR 



a ¥ irLi 




PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LEADS ARE CONNEC- 
TED TO THE BINDING POSTS M/\RKED RESPECTIVELY 
PRIMARY" AND "SECONDARY" THE SECONDARY 
WINDING CONSISTS OF TWO SEPARATE COILS. 

THE TERMINALS OV ONE COIL ARE BROUGHT 
OUT AT r A,A" AND THOSE OF THE OTHER AT 
I.B" TO OBTAIN 52 VOLTS ON THE LAM P 

CIRCUIT THE COILS ARE PUT IN MULTIPLE BY 
INSERTING TWO BRASS STRIPS *S.S" AS INFIG.1. 

TO OBTAIN 1 04 VOLTS THE COILS ARE PUT IN 
SERIES BY INSERTING BOTH STRIPS AS IN FIG.2 

3d. 12,1891. 3364. App.CWlfc, 



165 



A 



m^m 




wtmm 



STAGE FLOOR 



-o- 
-o 
-o 



£25 



-o 
-o- 



^^^^#^^^^^^ 




*** PROW DYNAMO OR TRANSFORMER 



USE OF REACTIVE COIL FOR DIMMING LIGHTS EST THEATRES. 



166 



LONG DISTANCE INCANDESCENT LIGHTING. 

DOUBLE CONVERSION SYSTEM. 

As an example in the saving of copper in using this system, we 
show herewith a table of circular mils and sizes of wire required 
to transmit the necessary energy for 1000, 16 c. p., 52 volt lamps 
different distances and at different potentials, allowing a loss of 
5% in transmission. 



5,000 VOLTS. 



Distance from Generating 

Station to 
Distributing Station-Miles. 


Circular Mils. 


Size Wire. 
B. &S. 


5 






23,460 


6 


6 






28,152 


5 


7 






32,844 


5 


8 






37,536 


4 


9 






42,228 


4 


10 






46,920 


3 



10,000 VOLTS. 



12 
15 

20 
25 



14,064 
17,580 
23,440 
29,300 




With the above conditions, using 5,000 volts, the circular mils 
necessary for any distance may be found by multiplying the dis- 
tance in miles (one way) by the constant 4,692. With 10,000 volts 
use the constant 1,173. 



167 



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Construction Work 



AS ADOPTED BY THE 



Lighting Department 



GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY. 



171 



INSTRUCTIONS. 



On the following pages are given diagrams, showing different 
methods of construction, as approved by the Lighting Depart- 
ment of the General Electric Company. 

The expert, in installing, is supposed to exercise to a certain 
extent his own judgment, and to follow as nearly as possible 
the rules as given herewith. 

All construction and repair work should be done in strict 
accordance with the rules of the Board of Underwriters, Insur- 
ance Exchange or Inspector of Electrical Construction within 
whose territory the work may be. 

Copies of the "Rules and Requirements" of the New England 
Insurance Exchange will be furnished upon application to the 
office. 



L 



173 




CONSTRUCTION WORK 
General Dimensions for Pole Line. 

THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC. CO. 
ENGINEERING DEFT. 

mB 500 App.J.&Tpu&^MAMN 30,1892.. 



^ 



175 



Fig.l. 4 




Fig. 2. 



6lock 2jx3C. 

x varies as 
the diameter 
of the pole. 



'■ When running a heavy line wire it is necessary „ 
to use two cross arms tastened as shown in fig.2. 
if lines are not heavy, only one cross-arm will 
8e necessary. 

i incase lines cross the street diagonally, the 

t arms where the wires leave and those to whictf 

i they run are both set at an angle. 

■ when turning an abrupt corner, only one arm 

" is.turned. 

f the above cannot be used where feeders tap into 
double branches. _ , 

in such cases the method as given in flg. i 

19 USED. 



CONSTRUCTION WORK 

Position* Cross^rms^ Turning Corners. 

THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC. CO. 
ENGINEERING DEPT. 

NS85QI App.J.d7yjJ^APniL 8 1892. 



177 




n% 



RUN WIRES DIRECTLY FROM BREAK ARM TO 
BRACKET. 

The line wire should be fastened to the 
insulator on the break arm and twisted 
back upon itself a few turns then run to ««.,*-«. .^-..^a. .., **«*.* 

THE BRACKET. ONE SIDE SHOULD BE TWISTED CONSTRUCTION WORK 
FURTHER THAN THE OTHER SO THAT WIRES METHOD OF 

LEAVING THE ARM MAY BE OF UNIFORM DIS- |mc T AL LING SthF. FT SYSTEM BRACKFTS 
TANCE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE POLE. INSTALLING STREET SYSTEM BRACKETS 

THE ABOVE METHOD IS PREFERRED TO THAT THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC. CO. 

OFRUNNING THE WIRES DOWN THE POLE, ENGINEERING DEPT 

THERE BEING LESS DANGER OF SHORT- <~ * ^ „ 

CIRCUITI NG . N?BS02. Apr /$•& 7fc2&£mL 18,1892. 



179 




Wall brackets as shown may be used 
n place of the hook block and rubber 
hooks. any non-combustible tube 
may beused where wires enter building. 

when transformers are placed on poles, 
the hook block is fastened to the 
building by two 4x|" lag screws. 
^ hook blocks and sills should have 
a oouble coat of insulating paint. 



CONSTRUCTION WORK 
Installing Transformers 

thomson-houston elec. co. 

ENGINEERING OEPT. 
NP-BS03 App. J?& 7\jeJ!iu\ Aphii. /8 /892. 



183 




185 



S^v\ 



GAL. IRON WIRE OF 

SUFFICIENT STRENGTH>r\ 



PORCELAIN CIRCUIT- 
BREAKER - 



INSULATION FOR LIGHT 
LIMB WORK AND TREE-TOPS. 



KEEP LOOP AWAY 
FROM BRANCH. 



w & 




INSULATOR WHEN /// 
NECESSARY TO TIE !/ - 
TO TREE. 



SUPPORTING \\ 
INSULATORS 




CONSTRUCTION WORK 
Tree Insulation 

THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC CO. 
ENGINEERING DEPT. 

NSBS06. App. gf.&'?]utjA* s MAy.S,l892. 



187 




Cut-out may be housed if 
necessary . 

Secondaries of transformers, 
above class 15000, are connect- 
ed so as to give 104 or 208 volts 
and the wiring may be either for 
two wire or three wire systems. 

for three wire system the 
secondary connections for two 
transformers may be made as 
shown by dotted lines. 



CONSTRUCTION WORK 
Installing Transformers 

THOMSON-HOUSTON ELE1C. CO. 
ENGINEERING DEPT. 

/VS BSQ7. App. 



189 



.PRIMARIES 




m B508. Aer. 




CONSTRUCTION WORK 

METHOD OF 

Installing Type El Lightning Arrester 
on Pole. 

thomson-houston elec. co. 

ENGINEERING OEPT. 

June 20, 1892, 



The grounding plate 
should be well imbed- 
ded in broken coke and 
buried in moist earth; 
and should be about 
two feet square, 
a copper rod one half 
inch in diameter driven 
down well into the 

COKE WILL ANSWER IN 
PLACE OF THE PLATE AS 
SHOWN. 

THE GROUNDING WIRE 
FROM THE ARRESTER 
MUST BE WELL SOLDERED 
TO THE EARTH PLATE 
IN SUCH A MANNER AS TO 
PREVENT THE CONNEC- 
TION FROM CORRODING 
OFF. 



191 



POLES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT WORK. 



It is very essential to a proper installation that the poles receive 
due consideration ; a fact that is too often overlooked. 

In selecting the style of pole necessary for a certain class of 
work the conditions and circumstances should he considered. 
They may be arranged in three classes ; the size of wire they are to 
carry being one of the important regulating circumstances. 

First Class. — Alternating current plants for lighting small 
towns. Main line of poles should consist of poles of from 25 to 
30 feet with 5-inch tops. These are strong enough for all the 
weight that is placed upon them. No pole less than 30 feet with 
6-inch top should be placed on a corner for lamps. The height 
of trees, of course, will have to be considered in many cases. 
For the Edison system, where more than one set of wires are used 
for street lighting, a 6-inch top should be the size of the poles, the 
length being not less than 25 feet, and more if the streets be hilly 
and filled with trees. 

Second Class. — Town lighting by arc lights. All poles 
should be at least 6-inch tops. The corner poles should be 7-inch 
tops, and wherever the cross-arms are placed on a pole at different 
angles the pole should be at least a 7-inch top. A 30 foot pole is 
sufficiently long for the main line, but it would be advisable to 
place 35-foot poles on corners. 

Third Class. — Where heavy wire, such as No. 00, is used for 
feeder wire, the poles should be at least 7-inch tops. Where 
mains are run on the same pole line the strain is somewhat 
lessened, and poles of smaller size than 7-inch will answer all 
purposes. 



192 

CULL POLES. 

The question as to what is a cull pole, is something on which 
many authorities differ. Of course, if specifications call for a 
certain sized pole, parties supplying the poles should be compelled 
to send the sizes called for. All poles that are smaller at the top 
than the sizes agreed upon, are troubled with dry rot, large 
knots and bumps, have more than one bend, or have a sweep 
of over twelve inches, should certainly be classed as cull poles. 
Specifications for electric light and power work should be, and in 
many cases are, much more severe than those required by 
telegraph lines. A cull pole, one of good material, is the best 
thing for a guy stub, and is frequently used for this purpose. 
A cedar pole is always preferable to any other owing to the fact 
that it is very light in comparison to other timber and is strong, 
durable, and very long lived. 

POLE SETTING. 

In erecting poles, it seems to be the universal opinion of the best 
posted construction men that a pole should be set at least five feet 
in the ground, and six inches additional for every five feet addi- 
tional length above thirty-five feet. Also additional depths on 
corners. Wherever there is much moisture in the ground it is of 
much value to paint or smear the butt ends of the poles with pitch 
or tar, allowing this to extend about two feet above the level of 
the ground. This protects the pole from rot at the base. The 
weakest part of the pole is just where it enters the ground. Never 
set poles further than 125 feet apart. 

Pole holes should be dug large enough so that the butt of 
the pole can be dropped straight in without any forcing, and 
when the pole is in position only one shovel should be used to 
fill in, the earth being thoroughly tamped down with iron 
tampers at every step until the hole is completely filled with solidly 
packed earth. Where the ground is too soft for proper tamp- 
ing a grouting composed of one part of Portland cement to two 
parts of sand mixed with broken stone may be used to make 
an artificial foundation. 



WHITE CEDAR POLES. 

FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT WORK. 



SIZE. 


Average 

Weight, 

pounds 

each. 


No. 
of Poles 
to a Car. 


SIZE. 


Average 
Weight, 
pounds 
each. 


No. 
of Poles 
to a Car. 


25 ft. 


, 5-inch top 


200 


150 


35 ft 


, 7-inch top 


650 


90 


25 " 


b/ 2 u " 


225 


130 


40 " 


6 " " 


800 


80 


25 " 


6 " " 


250 


120 


40 " 


7 " " 


900 


75 


28 " 


7 " " 


400 


80 


45 " 


6 " " 


900 


70 


30 " 


5 " " 


300 


110 


45 " 


7 " " 


1000 


65 


30 " 


6 " " 


350 


90 


50 " 


6 " " 


1200 


55 


30 " 


7 " " 


420 


75 


55 " 


6 " " 


1400 


45 


35 " 


6 " " 


550 


100 











All Poles 35 feet long and over must be loaded on TWO CARS. 
For chestnut poles add 50% to weights as given above. 



194 
NOTES ON LINE CONSTRUCTION. 



When poles are to be painted, a dark olive green color should 
be chosen in order that they may be as inconspicuous as possible. 
One coat of paint should be applied before pole is set, and one 
after pole is set. 

CROSS ARMS. 

The distance from the top of the pole to the cross arm should 
be equal to the diameter of pole at the top. 

All cross arms should be well painted with one coat of paint 
before placing and must be of standard size as shown in the dia- 
grams. Cross arms of four or more pins should be braced, using 
one or two braces as occasion demands. Cross arms on one pole 
should face those on the next, thereby making the cross arms on 
every other pole face in one direction. All pins should have their 
shanks dipped in paint and should be driven into the cross arm 
while the paint is wet. The upper part of the pin should also be 
painted. Iron pins can be furnished for corners where there is a 
heavy strain, but are not advised, the Company preferring to 
use the construction as shown in the diagrams. Pins should be 
secured to arm by an eight penny nail driven through shank of 
pin. Put double arms on the pole where feeder wires end. 

GUARD IRONS. 

Guard irons should be placed at all angles in lines and on break 
arms. 



All junction and lamp poles should be stepped so that the dis- 
tance between steps on the same side of the pole will not be over 
36". Poles carrying converters should also be stepped. 



All poles, at angles in the line, must be properly guyed, using 
No. 4 B. & S. galvanized iron wire or two ]STo. 8 wires twisted. 
All junction poles should also be guyed. Never attach a guy wire 
to a pole so that it prevents a cross arm from being removed. 



INSULATORS. 

For alternating work, double petticoat insulators are recom- 
mended. The use of pole brackets, except in connection with the 
"Davis" tree insulators, will not be allowed. 



LINE WORK. 

All wires should be stretched taut and well fastened with tie 
wires of equal insulation to the line. 

All joints should be well soldered and thoroughly taped and 
painted over with "P. <fe B." paint. Tape should be secured at 
either end of the joint by a few turns of twine or fine copper wire. 
When looping for lamps, etc., leave coiled sufficient wire, without 
waste, to reach lamp or building without joints. In cutting Arc 
or Incandescent lamps into an existing circuit, use a short piece 
of specially insulated wire. 

Feeder wires should be strung on the cross arms above the 
mains. 

Where wires enter buildings they must be protected by drip- 
loops and the holes through which they pass in the outer wall 
must be bushed with a non-inflammable, water-proof, insulating 
tube. Holes should be bored slanting upward toward the inside. 

For good distribution, arc lamps should not be placed more than 
800 feet apart. The lamps may be brought nearer together as a 
greater degree of illumination is desired. 

Primary wires from roof structures and outriggers, or buildings, 
leading to lights below, and where run along the face of buildings, 
must be specially insulated wire, and insulated from wall of build- 
ing by wooden cleats or special brackets, and fastened firmly to 
glass insulators or rubber hooks ; and the wires in proximity to 
windows, doors, porticos, etc., to be encased in glass or hard 
rubber tubing. Avoid running wire along the face of buildings as 
much as possible. 

Conducting wires when carried over or attached to buildings 
must be at least seven feet above highest point of flat roofs, and 
one foot above the ridge of pitch roofs. 

Porcelain knobs or cleats should not be used to support outside 
wires. 

Primary wires should not be rim inside of buildings. 



196 



When running more than one circuit of primaries upon the 
same line of poles, the wires of each circuit should he run parallel 
and on adjacent pins as shown below, so as to avoid any fluctua- 
tion in the lamps due to induction. The lines lettered A and A 
are for circuit No. 1 and B and B for circuit No. 2, etc. 



A. 



A. 



B. 



B. 



When connecting transformers to 1000 volt mains a double- 
pole cut-out is placed in the primary circuit. For 2000 volt 
circuits a single pole cut-out should be placed in each side of 
the line, thus avoiding any possible short circuit due to an arc 
being established across the contacts of the double pole cut-out. 
This, owing to the great difference of potential between opposite 
poles, is liable to occur when the fuses "blow." 

Primary cut-outs and feeder or junction boxes may be housed 
on the pole or building, if it is considered necessary, as a pro- 
tection from the weather. 



1 



197 



STATION WIRES. 



Wires from the machine to the switchboard and from the 
latter to where the circuits enter the building, should be sup- 
ported by glass or porcelain insulators. They should be rim in 
dry places, where they may be easily inspected, and should be 
kept twelve inches apart. Wires carrying high tension currents 
should never be concealed in moulding, and should not come 
in contact with wood at any point. 

Static charges of electricity often found on belts should be 
conducted to the earth by means of metal combs with a ground 
wire attached. This will prevent the prickling sensation pro- 
duced when machines driven by such belts are touched. 

INSIDE WIRES. 

Transformers are made to compensate for 2 per cent, loss, 
and no greater loss should be allowed on the wires from the 
transformer to the lamps. 

All inside wiring should be done in accordance with the rules 
laid down by the underwriters. 



Power Generators. 



0^000(0^^0)00500 







5 
s 
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5 
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5 

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5 



J 



]\f§ 34£4 flsSEtmBLV aN-d FoiTODflTlOI) ThomBen-Houston 

^a^tf 26,7032 * _ _ jFS* Electric (3o. 




Pri 

f~ootings.should be fl 

Depth of foundation should beTgovern'ed by.the bottom 

Brick founoation must be properly.bonoeo everyTenth 
course with proper bondistones. 






MUST.BE 



Srleo 1020 Rev. perM.n. 

Total weight without Bed Plate 

Weight of Bed Plate 

' OnePole Piece "". 

Fielo Core. 

' F"rame(Base.) 

' Armature 

" FiEloSpooi^SeriesWinoing. 
" Standard^ Box Pulley Eno. 

Pulley. . 



7300LBS. 
£160 ■ 
482 ' 

63 r ■ 

£943 ' 
1076 ' 
190 • 



O: 






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23 



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J\l* 3421. 
bee;. 9.1891. 



iJSS&MBLy a/d FouipMppion 



ThomBon -Houston 
ClecGo. 




Provide* footings for brick founl 

Footings should be flat faced stones laid in cement. 
Depth of foundation should be governed by the bottom 

=!ICK FOUNDATION MUST BE PROPERLY BONDED EVERyTeNTN 
IURSE WITH PROPER BONO STONES. 
MBERS AND FLOORING ON FOUNDATION MUST BE 
DEPENDENT OF STATION FLOOR. 



Speed 900 Rev. per Min. 

Total weight without Bed Rate _ 10320 Lbs. 

Weight or BedHate.. 2220 

* One Pole Piece 743 

* FieloCore 669 

• ' Frame(Base.) 2416 

" ' " Armature 1465 

" Fi£loSpooi~sSeriesWinoing..294 

" StandardSj Box Pulley End. .47 1 

" " Com .."...467 

Pulley ...126 



1 









c.5 «2 ! 
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>§ooE>>£. 



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ASSEMBLY AND FOUNDATION 
FOR M-P-4-100-650 GENERATOR 

-WI THg)IR ON BED PLATE ON TIMBERS 

- 44 3 ' 8 - -J- f -|- 37V 




Pulley 300 

Armature 2,386 

2 Standards 7)2 

Trimmings 350 
Total 
2,113 



11,830 



Revolutions per minute:- 650 
Timbers to be 10"* 10" Georgia Pine. 
Provide footings for brick foundation. 
Footings to be flat faced stone laid in 
cement. Depth of foundation to be 
governed by bottom found ^»> should 
never be less than five feet. 
_ Brick foundation must be bonded 

every tenth course with proper bond stones. Timbers *fo flooring on 

foundation must be independent of station floor. 

no. 3568. General Electric Co. Sept/ lil 9 *. . 






... ' 

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Assembly and Foundation for MP-200 Generator 
jsfo.3476. Thomson-HoustoniLleclric Co. J% 20,92. 

— 71 "- h }<"3/i-V— 46^-->j* -54i---^i 




Provide footings for brick foundation. 
Footings shoula beflat faced stone laid in cement. 
Depth of foundation should be governed by the bottom 
found and should nevterbe less Than FiVe feel 
Brick foundation must be properly bonded e\/ery 
Tenth course With proper bond stones. 
Timbers and flooring on foundation musHe 
independent of station floor. 



Speed 425Re\/.perMin. 

Weight of Extension 

" LoWer Frame 1515 

" 3 Standards / 930 

"„4Pole Pieces 3 804 

•• Upper Frame .4 I 26 

" Armature 4 140 

- •• Pulley. 

" 4 Field Spools / eoo 

" "Trimming's. 210 

Total.J 



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Assembly X FDunflalianlDr4-3DD-4DD Generalnr. 
ND.25Z3 General Eleclric Co. Julul5*gZ 




Proyide footings for brick foundation. 
Footings shoula be flat faced stone laid in cement 
Depth of foundation should be governed b/tbe bottom 
found and should nev/erbe lessfhan FiVe feet. 
Brick foundation must be properly bonded ev/er/ 
Tenth course With proper bond stones. 
Timbers and flooring on foundation must be 
independent of station floor. 



Speed40O Re\/.perMin. 



Weight of Extension. 
" LoWer Frame. 
" 5 Standards. 
" 4 Pole Pieces. 
" Upper Frame. 
'• Armature. 
- - Pulley. 

•• 4 Field Spools. 
" Trimmings. 



Jlpp. UtfWntjStS- Total, 



3050 
12370 
3 84, 
5 7 00 
7055 
692 
2420 
I 800, 
325' 
42724' 






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217 



STATION CONNECTIONS 
OF 

ONE D-62 GENERATOR 

FOR 
220 VOLT CIRCUITS 



Circuit" Breaker 

* — feeders. — •» 



-j Copper51rip2*x/fe.'1b 
Waterpipe below surface. 




GENERAL ELECTRIC 
COMPANY 

Sept.l5.l892 



Stationary Motors. 



I 



221 




Stationary Motor. 



227 



Connections of {{hunt 

and 

Shunt-Reversing Stationary Motors 

p2>285. /- ^JV!ar.7;92. 

v Shunt 
J^lotor 




Thomson-l-louston Electric Co. 



229 



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Recording Watt Meters. 



233 











BRUSH 








eiND?NG R1 F"03T-| 






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235 



THOMSON RECORDING WATT-METERS. 







50 VOLTS 








THREE WIRE. 


10 


L 


ghts, 10 


Amperes 




220 


VOLTS. 


15 




15 


" 


20 


Lights, 


7>< Amperes 


25 




25 




50 


" 


15 


50 




50 


" 


90 


" 


25 


100 




100 


'* 


200 


« 


50 


150 




150 


" 


400 


» 


100 


300 




300 


" 


600 


« 


150 


600 




600 


" 
















METERS 


EOR MOTOR 






75 VOLTS. 






SERVICE. 


14 


I, 


ghts, 10 


Amperes 




220 


VOLTS. 


20 




" 15 


" 








35 




" 25 


u 


3 


H. P. 


15 Amperes 


75 




50 


u 


^A 


" 


25 


150 




100 


» 


15 


" 


50 " 


225 




150 


(C 


25 




100 


450 




300 


u 


40 


" 


150 


900 




600 


" 


80 
160 


» 


300 
600 


100 


TO 110 VOLTS. 








16 


L 


ghts, 10 


Amperes 




500 


VOLTS. 


25 




15 




' 


v/ 2 


H. P. 


15 Amperes 


45 




25 




' 


15 


" 


25 


90 




50 




' 


30 


" 


50 


175 




100 




' 


60 


" 


100 


250 




150 




' 


100 


" 


150 


500 




300 


i 


' 


200 


" 


300 


L000 




600 


" 


400 


" 


600 






PRIMARY 


CIRCUITS 










1000 to 20 


00 VOLTS. 








15,000 Watts . 












25,000 


" 












50,000 


" 












100,000 


" 














Wit] 


i Tra 


nsform 


er. 





^ 



236 



GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLING 
THE THOMSON RECORDING WATT- 
METER. 



In unpacking the meter, it is necessary to handle the several 
parts in a careful manner, and to follow these directions in every 
detail. 

The registering dials or " train" of gears, the top bearing stud, 
the level, and a light steel bar for screwing down lifting nut, will 
be found in a small box in the compartment at one end of the 
packing case. 

Set the meter frame upon a bench or table, and remove the wedges 
from between disc and magnets ; loosen the screws which hold the 
temporary clamps supporting the armature in the frame ; insert the 
top bearing stud and bring it down to the shoulder on the shaft ; 
fix the stud at this point by means of the set-screw provided for 
the purpose. 

Remove the temporary clamps, being careful not to injure the 
armature in so doing, and place the field coils in position ; being 
sure to screw them down firmly before fastening the lead wires to 
the binding posts. 

Place the registering dials carefully in position so that the worm 
on the armature shaft, which gears into it, is not injured. 

Do not remove the wedge under the nut beneath the disc, which 
raises the shaft off the jewel, until after the meter is set up and 
ready to start. This is important. 

In setting up the meter, screw it to a solid perpendicular sup- 
port, inserting a screw through the upper right-hand hole first, 
then one through the diagonally opposite slotted hole, bringing the 
meter very carefully to a level by means of spirit-level, on the base 
near the magnets. 

Connect the meter with the circuit in accordance with diagram 
of its class ; there are three classes of meter : 2-wire, 3-wire and 
primary, the connections of which are different. 

The meter is now ready to start. 

Never let the shaft down on the jewel until everything else is 
ready for the meter to start. 



H 'ims 



•SdUiUT 

m 




O 




Connections of 
THOMSON RECORDING WATT-METER 

No. 3522. General Electric Co. June 15,1892. 



Two Wire System, Direct or Alternating. 
I sizes below. 100 Amp. except 15 Amp-50,Volts. 100 Amp.^ larger. 





3 Wire. Less than,50Amp. Primary of Alternating System. 3 Wire. 50 Amp. or more. 




F rom Dynamo.-^ 
F rom Dynamo.^f 
Neutral wire does not enter the 
Meter. 



S Meter FrdrrPDynamo, 

-Transformg. from Dynamo ! 




FromlynambTJbTransforme r. Neutral wire does not enter the 
Meter. 



239 

Be cautious about changing the tension of the brushes, as they 
are carefully adjusted before leaving the factory. 

A slight sparking will sometimes be noticed at the commutator, 
when the meter is first started. This will soon disappear, as it is 
simply due to small particles of dust which have collected on the 
commutator and brushes in shipment, and will soon rub off. 

Should the commutator ever need cleaning, carefully insert a 
piece of narrow tape between the commutator and brushes and 
draw it gently back and forth, at the same time rotating the shaft 
slowly. When doing this be careful not to spring the brushes out 
of their original position. 

More complete directions will be found packed with each meter. 

For directions relating to changes or improvements, see instruc- 
tions with meter. 



DIRECTIONS FOR READING METER DIALS. 

To correctly read the sum indicated on the dial of a recording 
meter, it is necessary to use considerable care and to bear several 
important facts in mind. 

First, it must be remembered that the figures marked under or 
over each dial (1,000, 10,000, etc.) represent a complete 
revolution of the hand of that dial. Therefore, each 
division on the dial to the extreme right indicates, not one, two, 
three, or four thousands of units, but one, two, three, or four 
hundreds of units. 

A complete revolution of the hand will be one thou- 
sand and will have moved the hand on the second dial one 
division. Thus, in reading No. 6 of accompanying cut, the first 
dial (the one to the extreme right) indicates 700, not 7,000. 

It must be remembered also that a dial hand when read as hav- 
ing completed a division must be confirmed by the dial be- 
fore it (to the right). It has not completed the division on which 
it may appear to rest unless the hand before it has reached or 
passed the 0, or, in other words, completed a revolution. For 
this reason it will be found easier and quicker to read the dials 
from right to left, as shown by reading No. 2 of accompanying cut. 
The first dial (the extreme right) indicates 900. The second hand 
apparently rests on ; but since the first rests only on 9 and 



240 



99.700 



Q ioooooo iooooo ioooo Qj 

TYPE N? 1 
CAP. AMP 
VOLTS 
10000000 1000 

,0 THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC. C2 LYNN.MASS USA.Q 



^ 



Q ioooooo iooooo ioooo ("Y 

1 



TYPE N? 6 

CAP AMP \6 5 4 

VOLTS ^^ 

10000000 1000 

^Q THOMSON -HOUSTON ELEC. C. LYNN.MASS USA Q, 



NO 2 = 999.900 



N° 7 = S31210O 




N° 3 = lOOOlOO 

Q 1000000 1 I0Q000 IOOOO Q 

• -/^ TYPE N° 3 

CAP AMP. 

VOLTS 

OIUUUUUUU IDUD _^ 

THOMSON -HOUSTON ELEC.C LYNN MASS USA (_) 



9.925.000 



o 



IOOOOOO IOOOOO IOOOO 



o 



type m a 

CAP AMP 

VOLTS 



ft 



VA^J THOMSON HOUSTON ELEC. C* LYNN.MASS.USaQ 



N° 4 = 9.9 9 9.4 



O 



IOOOOOO IOOOOO 



mm 



O] 



o 



TYPE m? a 

CAP AMP. 

V0LT5. 

IUUUUUUU 

THOMSON-HOUSTON ELEC.CS LYNN,MAS5.USA. 



^j 



o 



IOOOOOO IOPQ0G 



o 



z\ TYPE N° 9 
Kjs V CAP AMP. 
VOLTS. 

^-^ IUUUUUUU IUUU . 

O THOMSON -HOUSTON ELEC C! LYNN.MASS USaO, 



N° 10 = 9928300 



r-\ 100000a iooooo ioooo ry 



; 9 ^/a type H°- b f» rf 2 ' 

* 3-) CAP AMP V$ ,. 4 l 



TYPE N2 B 
CAP AMP 

VOLTS 



-^ 10000000 
Lj THOMSON- HOUSTON ELEC.C2 LYNN MASS USA.O, 




241 

has not completed its revolution, the second has not com- 
pleted its division, thus the second dial indicates also 9. This 
9 placed before the 900 already obtained, gives 9,900. 

The same is true of dial 3. The second at 9, has not quite 
completed its revolution, so the third has not completed its 
division, therefore another 9 is obtained, making 99,900. 

The same thing holds true of dial 4, making 999,900. 

The last dial (the extreme left) appears to rest on 1, but since 
the fourth is only 9, the last has not completed its division, and 
therefore reads 0. The total reading is 999,900. 

The hands are sometimes slightly misplaced. 

In cut No. 8 the first dial (the extreme right) is 0, which gives 
000. The hand of the second dial is misplaced. As the first 
registers 0, the second should rest exactly on a division, therefore 
it should have reached 8, making 8,000. The third hand is ap- 
parently upon 3, but since hand No. 2 is at 8, the third cannot 
have completed a division, and must therefore indicate 2. The 
remaining two dials are correct, and make a total of 9,928,000. 

In cut No. 9 the second hand is misplaced, for since the first 
indicates 1, the second should have just passed a division. As 
it is nearest to 8 it must have just passed that figure. The remain- 
ing three dials are approximately correct. Total 9,928,100. 

In cut No. 10 the second and fourth dial hands are slightly 
behind their correct position, but not enough to mislead in read- 
ing. The total indication is 9,928,300. 

By carefully following these directions little difficulty will be 
found in reading the meter, even when the hands become slightly 
misplaced. 



Rheostats, 

Switches, Brushes, 

Fuses and Pulleys. 



245 
RHEOSTATS. 



USED WITH 



37 


Fields of A-18 and A-6 self-exciting dyna- 




mos. 


51-D (110 Volt.) 


Class 50 Motor. 


51-D (220 Volt.) 


Class 50, 60 and 70 Motors. 


51-D (500 Volt.) 


Class 50, 60 and 70 Motors and Railway 
Motors. 


52 


F-40 Railway Motors. 


60-A 


Class 15 to 30 inclusive, 110 Volt Motors. 




c Class 3 to 10 inclusive, 110 Volt Motors. 
( Class 10 to 30 inclusive, 220 Volt Motors. 


60-B 


60-C 


( Class 6, 220 Volt Motor. 
} Class 30, 500 Volt Motor. 


60-D 


( Class 3, 220 Volt Motor. 

1 Class 15 and 20, 500 Volt Motors. 


60-E 


Class 6 and 10, 500 Volt Motors. 


60-F 


Class 3, 500 Volt Motor. 


63 


12 and 13 inch projectors. 


68 


1 Arc lamp on 80 Volt circuit or 2 Arc 
lamps on 125 Volt circuit, for 4 to 10 
Amperes. 


71 


1 Arc lamp on 80 Volt circuit or 2 Arc lamps 
on 125 Volt circuit, for 10 to 15 Amperes. 


- 72 


1 Arc lamp on 125 Volt circuit, for 4 to 10 
Amperes. 


73 


1 Arc lamp on 125 Volt circuit, for 10 to 
15 Amperes. 


83 


W P-50 and S R G-50 Railway Motors. 



246 



RHEOSTATS (Continued). 



USED WITH 



85 


Type 85 Controller, built in two forms for 
220 and 500 Volts. 


92 


Type J Controller, (built in three forms B, 
C andD.) 


133 


A-60 and A-120. 


141 


D-2, 110 Volts. 


142 


A-30 and D-5, 110 Volts. 


143 


A-18 and A-70. 


144 


B-6 separately excited dynamo. 


145 


D-71 to D-90 inclusive, 110 Volt Generators. 


146-A 


D-2 and D-3, 220 Volt and D-5 to D-90 
inclusive, 500 Volt Generators. 




M P-4-200-425 Generator. 




M P-l-100-650 Generator. 


147 


D-5 to D-90 inclusive, 220 Volt Generator. 


148 


A-35 and A-240. 


165 


D-3, 110 Volt Generator. 


181-A 


M P-90 and M P-4-300-400, 500 Volt 
Generators. 


182-A 


D-2 and D-3, 500 Volt Generators. 


187 


Special A-140. 


189-A 


M P-270, 500 Volt Generator. 


191 


Arc Dynamo (for light loads.) 


193-A 


M P-4-500-350, 500 Volt Generators. 



247 
RHEOSTATS. 

CARRYING CAPACITY AND RESISTANCE. 





Cross Section 

of 

Iron, 

in inches. 


Size of Wire 


Average 


Number 


Type. 






of Contact 




B. & S. Gauge. 


Resistance. 


Points. 


51 D (110 volts) 


2% x 4 inch. 




.75 Min. 


43 


51 D (220 volts) 


2^x4 " 


— 


3.00 Min. 


43 


51 D (500 volts) 


2^x4 " 


— 


12.00 Min. 


43 


52 D 


2^x4 " 


— 


9.00 Min. 


43 


60 A 


2J^x4 " 


— 


lto 5 


10 


60 B 


2^x4 " 


— . 


5 to 10 


10 


60 C 


2^x4 " 


— 


10 to 25 


10 


60 D 


2^x4 " 


— 


25 to 50 


10 


60 E 


2^x4 " 


— 


50 to 100 


10 


60 F 


2% x 4 " 


— 


100 or over 


10 


6S 




.072 
.064 
.051 


8.5 


8 


71 




.091 
.081 
.072 


4.44 


8 


72 




.072 
.064 
.051 


16.20 


8 


73 




.091 
.081 

.072 


7.75 


8 


83 B 


2J^ x 4 inch. 


— 


8 to 10 


63 


133 





.081 


7.58* 


20 


141 





.045 
.036 


61.47* 


20 


142 





.057 


18.11* 


20 


143 





.114 
.102 


5.00* 


40 


145 





.072 


23.16* 


40 


146 and 146 A 





.032 


209.26* 


40 • 


147 





.051 


72.90* 


40 


14S 





.091 


2.67* 


20 


165 





.045 
.036 


80.43* 


20 


181 A 





.051 
.045 


104.25* 


79 


182 and 182 A 





.025 


446.00* 


40 


189 A 





.064 
.057 


59.00* 


79 


191 





.072 

.057 


42.10* 


2 


193 A 




.040 

.028 


290 


79 



*Mean resistance of from 5 to 50 rheostats of this type. 



248 

SWITCHES. 

Single Pole, S. P., 5 and 10 amperes. 

Double Pole, D. P., 10, 20, 40 and 50 amperes. 

Station Switch, Single Pole, S. P., 30, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1000 
amperes. 

Station Switch, Double Pole, D. P., 30, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 
1000 amperes. 

Station Switch, Single Pole Double Throw, S. P. D. T., 30, 75, 
150, 300, 600 and 1000 amperes. 

Station Switch, Double Pole Double Throw, D. P. D. T., 30, 75, 
150, 300, 600 and 1000 amperes. 

Station Switch, Triple Pole, T. P., 30, 75, 150, 300 and 600 amp. 

Station Switch, Triple Pole Double Throw, T. P. D. T., 30, 75, 
150, 300 and 600 amperes. 

CUT-OUTS. 

Main Line Single Pole, S. P. M., 100, 200 and 300 amperes. 
Main Line Double Pole, D. P. M., 10, 30, 75 amperes. 
Double Pole Double Branch, D. P. D. B., 10, 20, 40 and 70 amp. 
Electrolier, S. P. and D. P., 5 and 10 amperes. 

REACTIVE COILS. 

15 light 52 and 104 volts. 

35 " 52 " 104 " 

75 " 52 " 104 " 

250 " 1000 " 

500 " 1000 " 

Also class 15, 35 and 75 for primary circuits to order. 



In ordering supplies the expert will refer to the supply catalogue for details as 
the above is given merely as an outline. 



249 



TABLE OF BRUSHES. 



Dynamo 
Class. 


Number 

of 

Brushes 

used. 


Carbon 

or 
Copper. 


Size of 
Brush. 

No. 


Motor 
Class. 


Number 

of 
Brushes. 


Size of 
Brush. 

No. 


D2 


110 


2 


Copper 




3-500 V'lts 


2 


No. 1 




500 


2 


Carbon 




6-500 " 


2 




1 


D3 


100 


2 


Copper 




10-500 " 


4 




' 1 




500 


2 


Carbon 




15-500 " 


4 




' 1 


D5 


110 


4 


Copper 




20-500 " 


4 




' 1 




500 


4 


Carbon 




30-500 " 


4 




' 1 


D7^ 


110 


4 


Copper 




50-500 " 


4 




' 9 




500 


4 


Carbon 




60-500 " 


4 Carbon 




' 9 


D10 


110 


4 


Copper 




70-500 " 


6 




' 9 




500 


4 


Carbon 




100-500 " 


4 




* 5 


D15 


110 


4 


Copper 




120-500 " 


4 




' 5 




500 


4 


Carbon 




150-500 " 


4 




' 5 


D20 


110 


4 


Copper 




220-500 " 


8 




' 10 




500 


4 


Carbon 


9 








D25 


110 
500 
110 
500 
110 
500 
110 
500 
110 
500 


4 

' 4 
6 
4 
6 
4 
6 
4 
6 
4 


Copper 
Carbon 
Copper 
Carbon 
Copper 
Carbon 
Copper 
Carbon 
Copper 
Carbon 


4 
9 
3 
9 
3 
5 
3 
5 
3 
5 








D30 




Number 

of 
Brushes 


Size 

of 

Brush 


D40 
D50 
D62 


MP 4-100-650, 500 volts 
MP 4-200-425, 500 " 
MP 4-300-400, 500 " 
MP 4-500-350, 500 " 


8 carb. 
10 " 
16 " 
20 " 


2y 2 xy 2 






D90 


110 


10 


Copper 


5 






500 


8 


Carbon 


10 




BI 
C I 
EI 


75 
110 

75 
110 

75 
110 


4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 


Copper 
Copper 
Copper 
Copper 
Copper 
Copper 


1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 


All Motors taking over 40 amperes 
are supplied with copper brushes ; 
those taking less than this are supplied 
with carbon brushes. 

(This does not include those above 


HI 


75 


6 


Copper 


2 


Type 30.) 




110 
500 


6 
9 


Copper 
Carbon 


2 

9 





250 



FUSES. 



The following list contains all of the Fuses regularly kept in 
stock, and supersedes all previous lists : 

GENERATORS. 







BIPOLAR. 










Cat. No. 


D 2 


110 Yolts, 15 Ampere Fuse, . . 7705 


D 2 


125 ' 


15 






7705 


D 3 


110 ' 


25 






7706 


D 3 


125 ' 


25 






7706 


D 5 


110 ' 


40 






7707 


D 5 


125 ' 


40 






7707 


d n% 


110 ' 


60 






7708 


D V/ 2 


125 ' 


60 






7708 


D 10 


110 ' 


80 






7709 


D 10 


125 ' 


80 '■< , ' 






7709 


D 15 


110 ' 


' 120 






7740 


D 15 


125 ' 


t 120 






7740 


D 15 


500 ' 


30 






7711 


D 20 


110 ' 


' 200 






7897 


D 20 


125 ' 


' 160 






7712 


D 20 


250 ' 


80 






7713 


D 20 


500 ' 


35 






7714 


D 25 


110 ' 


' 240 






7715 


D 25 


125 ' 


' 200 






7857 


D 25 


250 ' 


' 100 






7895 


D 25 


500 ' 


50 






7862 


D 30 


110 ' 


' 300 






7898 


D 30 


125 ' 


' 240 






7715 


D 30 


250 ' 


' 120 






7716 


D 30 


500 ' 


60 






7717 


D 40 


110 4 


' 400 






7720 


D 40 


125 ' 


' 320 






7718 


D 40 


220 ' 


' 180 






7707 


D 40 


500 ' 


80 






7719 


D 50 


110 ' 


' 500 






7722 


D 50 


125 ' 


' 400 






7720 


D 50 


500 ' 


' 100 






7721 


D 62 


110 ' 


' 600 






7903 


D 62 


125 ' 


' 500 






7722 


D 62 


250 ' 


' 250 






7723 


D 62 


500 ' 


' 150 






7724 


D 62 


500 ' 


' 125 






10680 


D 90 


110 ' 


' 850 






7855 


D 90 


125 ' 


' 750 






7900 


D 90 


500 ' 


' 180 






7902 











251 








MULTIPOLAR 


MP 80 


500 Volts 


, 160 Ampere Fuse, 


MP 90 


500 " 


180 


" " 


MP 


100 


500 k ' 


200 


" ' k 


MP 200 


500 " 


400 


u a 


MP 


300 


500 " 




" 






SPHERICAL INCANDE 


BI 




75 Yolts 


40 Ampere Fuse, 


BI 




110 " 


40 


" " 


CI 




75 " 


100 


" " 


CI 
EI 




110 " 

75 " 


60 
200 


" u 


EI 




110 " 


160 


" " 


EI 




125 " 


120 


" " 


HI 




75 tl 


400 


" " 


HI 




110 " 


300 


" u 


HI 




125 " 


240 


" " 


HI 




250 " 


120 


" " 


HI 




500 " 


60 


MOTORS. 



7906 


B 


7902 


B 


7911 


B 


7896 


B 


7760 


A 


7760 


A 


7787 


A 


7761 


A 


7765 


A 


7764 


A 


7763 


A 


7720 


A 


7898 


B 


7715 


A 


7716 


A 


7717 


A 



STATIONARY MOTORS. 



Class 2. 


110, 220 and 500 Yolts 


7 Ampere Fuse, 


7730 


A 


" 3. 


110 Yolts, 


10 Ampere 


Fuse, 


7731 


A 


" 3. 


220 and 500 Yolts, 7 Ampere Fuse, 




7730 


A 


" 6. 


110 Yolts, 


25 Ampere 


Fuse, . 




7732 


A 


" 6. 


220 " 


10 


" 






7731 


A 


" 6. 


500 " 


7 


" 






7730 


A 


" 10. 


110 " 


36 


" 






7733 


A 


" 10. 


220 " 


18 


" 






7734 


A 


" 10. 


500 " 


15 


" 






7735 


A 


" 15. 


110 " 


50 


" 






7736 


A 


" 15. 


220 " 


31 


" 






7737 


A 


" 15. 


500 " 


15 


" 






7735 


A 


" 20. 


110 " 


80 


" 






7709 


A 


" 20. 


220 " 


35 


" 






7741 


A 


" 20. 


500 " 


20 


" 






7739 


A 


" 30. 


110 " 


120 


" 






7740 


A 


" 30. 


220 • " 


50 


" 






7742 


A 


" 30. 


500 " 


30 


" 






7711 


A 


" 50. 


500 " 


50 


" 






7862 


A 



252 



TRANSFORMERS. 

TRANSFORMER PRIMARY CONNECTION BOARDS. 



3 Ampere Fuse, Rubber Covered, 

4 " 

7 



7830 A 

7831 A 

7832 A 



TRANSFORMER SECONDARY CONNECTION BOARD. 



7 Am 


pere Fus 


10 


' " 


15 


i u 


18 


' " 


25 


' " 


36 


I 


50 


i u 


70 


' " 



7832 


A 


7773 


A 


7774 


A 


7775 


A 


7776 


A 


7777 


A 


7778 


A 


7833 


A 


7839 


A 



FUSE WIRE. 



The following table shows the sizes of fuse wire carried in stock, 
and the approximate current carrying capacity of each size : — 



AMETER. 


AMPERES. 


.017 . . . . . 


3 


.020 


.... 4 


.032 


7 


.042 


10 


.056 


15 


.065 


18 


.075 


25 


.085 


28 


.096 


31 


.111 


36 


.130 


50 


.150 


70 



7705_ 7706^ ^7707^ 7708 ^ 7709 ^ 7 7I0_^ 7711 
^ 7712 _ 77l3 _^ 7m - ^- ¥ 715 -< -^ ^y 7716 ^x 

7717 7718 77| g 77Z0 

fiFtn) (fiLif) ifJr=Gi> (rlMn) 

7721 ^ .,' 7722 7723 

,<-^-i 7724 n r^-x 7730 7731 7732 7733 7734 

(n ^^^ n) ra — m m — @ e~iH) r~g @ — ra 

7735 7736 7737 7739 7740 7741 774Z 

In) ^^TT)^ g(f>^^ZZiea-^K^^ 

7743 77B0 77B1 7762 ,-7763 ^7764 __^ 

7765 _, 7766 ^— ^ 7770 7771 777Z 7773 

7774 7775 7776 7777 7778 7780 7785 7786 

W~^i W~D %r~v) w~f) w^r) ra (pxp) (rt>^ 

7787 7788 7789 7790 7791 7792 

(RjpiCn) (n-3B \j\zzjv (pIZTp) (p. ' Jr) o\ 

7793 7794 7795 7 8 oo 7801 _7804 7805 

<&xp) ci^ [ ^Lj? ^-^ (p^^^r^^ziB 

7815 7816 7817 78i8 7819 7820 

7821 7822 7823 7824 7830 7831 7832 

7833 7839 7845 7845 7847 7848 7849 7850 

7851 7852 ^j 3 7854 7855 

sf=^ f^^ w^m g^w 

7857 7858 

EM 

^^ r^ ^F6) fiFfc ^^ 




15648 15643 



PLATE B. 



7864 73G5 



7869 7870 



(rT~&3 $r~B en? sr~f3 ir~i& gt~$ i?r~^ 



7872 7873 



7874 787? 



gt-w §n? r~i §rn fr-efMKM^ 



c&- 



7883 7884 7885 

(fiS H^ ^3 m ff& — 



7887 7888 7889 

fl B»tfc ^*«^> <f£S*«ffe) 



- 7890 7891 
& ® A 



7894 

& — m 



7892 7893 



7897 




nt 



<* 



257 



STANDARD PULLEYS. 

A = diameter. B = breadth of face. C = bore. 



Arc Dynamos. 


Motors and Generators. 


CLASS. 


A 


B 


C 


Motor 


Gen. 


A 


B 


C 


C 


8 


4§ 


1! 


2 


- 


4 


H 


1 


E 


10 


5 


11 


4 


2 


4 


2 




H 


12 


6 


•2| 


6 


3 


5 


3 


1| 


KM 


15 


8 


21 


10 


5 


6 


4 


i! 


LD 


16 


8 


21 


15 


1\ 


8 


5 


if 


MD 


18 


10 


21 


20 


10 


8 


6 


if 








30 


15 


10 


7 




Spherical Incandescen 


t. 


11 




50 


20 


13! 


9 




Bl 


7 


5 


1* 


2 




60 


25 


14 


9 




Cl 


9 


7 


11 


2i 3 s 




70 


30 


14! 


10 




El 


12 


10 


2f 


2& 




100 


40 


15| 


11 




HI 


15 


12 


2| 


2f 




120 


50 


17 


12 


m 


Alternators. 


150 


62 


19 


13 


3 T 7 s 


A is 


13 


6 


m 




220 


90 


23 


14 


3M 


A6 


13 


8 


2i 




Generat 


ors. 




A 25 and A 30 


13 


7 


n 






4-100-650 


26§ 


15 




A 35 


13 


10 


2f 


4 




4-200-425 


41 


26 




A 50 and A 60 


13 


11 


2| 


6 




4-300-400 


43 


37 




A 12 


18 


13 


3& 


6* 




4-500-350 


49 


49 




A 70 


18 


13 


3 T 7 B 


7! 












A 100 and A 120 


18 


18 


H 














A 165 and A 300 


28| 


25 


4/ 5 














Exciter Drivers. 




* With D 3 Exciter 
t With D 1§ or D 2 


Excite 




A 18, A 25t 


7 


3 


1 T 9 5 




A 6* A 35*, A 50* 


7 


3 


11 




A35t, A50t 


7 


3 


11 




A 12*, A 70* A 100* 


12 


4 


2| 




A 100t 


10 


3 


2i 











258 



SIZE OF KEYWAYS FOR PULLEYS. 



Arc Dynamos. 



Class. Keyway. 



E 



H 



K 



M 



LD 



MJ> 



1-4 x 1-1 



5-16x5-32" 



3-8 x 3-16" 



3-8x3-16" 



3-8 x 3-16" 



3-8x3-16" 



3-8 x 3-16" 



3-8 x 3-16" 



I x 3-16" 



Multipolar Gen. 



MP 4-] 



IP 4-200425 
MP 4-300400 
MP 4-500-350 



3-4 x 3-8" 



1 1-2 x 3-8" 
1 1-2 x 3-8" 



Motors and Generators, 



10 



30 



50 



70 



100 






150 



220 



D2 



D5 



D7£ 



D10 



D 15 



D20 



D25 



D30 



D40 



D50 



D62 



D90 



5-16 x 5-32" 



5-16x5-32' 



3-8 x3-16' 



7-16 x 7-32" 



7-16 x 7-32' 



7-16 x 7-32' 



1-2 xl-4" 



x 5-16" 



3-4 x3-8" 



3-4 x3-8 



3-4 x3-8" 



3-4 x3-8" 



Alternators. 



Class 


Keyway. 


A6 


3-8x3-16" 


A 12 


3-4 x 3-8" 


A 18 


3-8 x 3-16" 


A 35 


3-8 x 3-16" 


A 70 


3-4x3-8" 


A165 


1 1-8 x 1-2" 


A 25 


3-8 x 3-16" 


A50 


3-8 x:3-16" 


A100 


• 3-4 x 3-8" 


A200 


11-4x1-2" 


A30 


3-8 x 3-16" 


A60 


3-8 x 3-16" 


A120 


3-4 x 3-8" 


A300 


11-4x1-2" 



Spherical Inc. 



BI 

EI 
HI 



1-4 x 1-8" 



5-16 x 5-32" 
3-8 x 3-16" 



3-8 x 3-16" 



General Information, 
Formulae and Tables. 



FORMULA FOR WROUGHT IRON OR STEEL 
CONTINUOUS SHAFTING. 

(Pencoyd Iron Works.) 



, ^50h. p. . . . .. _ _j Rd 3 

d = — „ for bare shafts, or H. P. = 



, ^70h. p. . ,, + . .. , Rd 3 

or d = — 5 for shafts carrying pulleys, etc. or H. P. =— — — 

\K ^/"^ 

1 = 720 d 2 for bare shafts, or d = v -=^z 

720 



or 1 = 140 d' 2 for shafts carrying pulleys, etc. or d 

H. P. = horse power transmitted. 
d = diameter shaft in inches. 
R = revolutions per minute. 
1 = length between supports in feet. 



HORSE POWER OF ENGINES. 

P. L.A.N . 

' 33000 

p = Mean effective pressure. 
L = Length stroke in feet. 
A = Area of piston in square inches. 
1ST = Number strokes = twice number of revolutions. 
H. P. = Horse Power. 



WEIGHT OF PIPES. 

Let D = external diameter in inches. 
d = internal " " " 

w = weight per lineal foot in pounds, 
h = constant for material. 
Then w = K (D 2 — d*). 
Values of K : 

For cast iron = 2.45 

" wrought iron = 2.64 
" brass =2.82 

" copper =3.03 

" lead =3.86 



140 



D 2 



BELTING. 

Length of Belts: 

Open L = -|- S + 2c (1 + 14, c 

L = Length of Belt. 

S = Sum of Pulley Diameters. 

C = Distance between Centres of Pulley. 

D = Difference of Pulley Diameters. 

tt = 3.1416. 



An approximate rule for calculating the length of a belt is as 
follows : — To twice the distance between centres of pulleys add 
one half the circumference of each pulley. 



Horse Power of Belting. 


(For double belts 


only.) 




H. 


d X r X b 
— 1925 






d = diameter small Pulley. 






r = revolutions small Pulley. 






b = breadth of Belt 








H. P. = Horse Power transmitted. 






Arc of Contact of Belt. 


Fraction of circle. 


Power transmitted, C. 


180° 


.1-2 ... 




1.00 


1571-2 .... 


. 7-16 . . . 


.92 


135 


.3-8 ... 




.84 


1121-2 .... 


. 5-16 . . . 




.76 


90 


.1-4 ... 




.64 


For "single" belting: 

H. ] 


b X s X c 







* ~ 1000 
b = breadth of belt in inches. 
s = speed in feet per minute, 
c = constant from table. 
H. P. = Horse Power transmitted. 



"Double" belting is expected to transmit twice and "light" 
double one and one-half times as much power as "single" 
belting. 



263 



RULE FOR FINDING THE HORSE POWER 
OF A PULLEY. 



Multiply the circumference of the pulley in feet by the revolu- 
tions per minute, and the product thus obtained by the width of 
the belt in inches and divide the result by 600. 

This rule is founded on the fact that good, ordinary, single- 
leather belting, with a tension of fifty-five pounds per inch width, 
will require fifty square feet of belt surface passing over the pulley 
per minute for one horse power. Fifty square feet per minute is 
equal to a belt one inch wide running 600 feet per minute. 

To find the speed of a belt, multiply the circumference of the 
driving pulley in feet by the revolutions per minute. 

The circumference is equal to the diameter multiplied by the 
constant 3.1416. 

Belts should always be run with the grain side next to the 
pulley. 

Kule for finding size of Dynamo Driving Pulley: — 
d X S 

x = required diameter of dynamo pulley, 
d = diameter of engine pulley. 
S = number of engine revolutions per minute. 
S 1 = required revolutions of armature per minute. 



264 



CHIMNEYS. 






SIZES OF CHIMNEYS WITH APPROPRIATE HORSE-POWER 
OF BOILERS. 

The following table has been computed by means of a modifica- 
tion of Rankine's formulae and will be found useful for ready 
reference. 









Height 


of Chimneys. 


w 5f 


^1 


lide of 
uare of 
iroximate 
area, 
nches. 


S.s 


50 

ft. 


£° 


70 1 80 | 90 
ft. 1 ft. | ft. 


100 1 110 1 125 1 150 | 175 1 200 
ft. | ft. 1 ft. | ft. 1 ft. 1 ft. 


Commercial Horse-Power. 


en ft 


18 


23 


25 


27 


















0.97 


1.77 


16 


21 


35 


38 


41 


















1.47 


2.41 


19 


24 


49 


54 


58 


62 
















2.08 


3.14 


22 


27 


65 


72 


78 


S3 
















2.78 


3.98 


24 


30 


84 


92 


100 


107 


L13 














3.58 


4.91 


27 


33 




115 


125 


133 


141 














4.47 


5.94 


30 


36 




141 


152 


163 


178 


182 












5.47 


7.07 


32 


39 






183 


196 


208 


219 












6.57 


8.30 


35 


42 






216 


231 


245 


258 


271 










7.76 


9.62 


38 


48 








311 


330 


348 


365 


389 








10.44 


12.57 


43 


54 








363 


427 


449 


472 


503 


551 






13.51 


15.90 


48 


60 








505 


539 


565 


593 


632 


692 


748 




16.98 


19.64 


54 


66 










658 


694 


728 


776 


849 


91S 


981 


20.83 


23.76 


59 


72 










792 


835 


876 


934 


1023 


1105 


1181 


25.08 


28.27 


64 


78 












995 


1038 


1107 


1212 


1310 


1400 


29.73 


33.18 


70 


84 












1163 


1214 


1294 


1418 


1531 


1637 


34.76 


38.48 


75 


90 












1344 


1415 


1496 


1639 


1770 


1893 


40.19 


44.18 


80 


96 












1537 


1616 


1720 


1876 


2027 


2167 


46.01 


50.27 


86 



265 



SIZE OF DRILLS FOR SCREWS. 

(Morse Gauge) 



Screw 


Drill 


Screw 


Drill 


Size. 


Thread. 


Body. 


Tap. 


Size. 


Thread. 


Body. 


Tap. 


2 


48 


42 


49 


18 


18 


5-16 


15-64 


4 


36 


32 


42 


1-8 


40 


30 


39 


4 


32 


32 


42 


1-4 


20 


- 


9 


6 


32 


26 


34 


5-16 


18 


- 


1-4 


6 


30 


26 


34 


5-16 


20 


- 


17-64 


8 


32 


17 


27 


3-8 


16 


- 


19-64 


10 


32 


8 


18 


7-16 


14 


- 


11-32 


10 


24 


7 


21 


1-2 


12 


- 


25-64 


12 


24 


1 


9 


1-2 


13 


- 


13-32 


14 


24 


1-4 


4 


9-16 


12 


- 


15-32 


14 


20 


1-4 


8 


5-8 


11 


- 


17-32 


16 


16 


9-32 


3 


3-4 


10 


— 


21-32 



DEFINITIONS OF ELECTRICAL UNITS. 

All electrical units are derived from the following mechanical units : 

The centimeter is the unit of length, and equals .3937 inch, or .000000001 of a 
quadrant of the earth. 

The gram is the unit of mass, and is equal to 15.432 grains, the mass of a cubic 
centimeter of water at 4° C. 

The second is the unit of time and is the time of one swing of a pendulum, swing- 
ing 86464.09 times per day, or the l-86400th part of a mean solar day. 

The volt is the unit of electro-motive force [E]. 

Electro-motive force, which is the force that moves electricity, is usually written 
E. M. F. (in formulas E) and various writers use it to express potential, difference 
of potential, electric pressure and electric force. 

One volt will force an ampere of current through one ohm of resistance. Its 
value is purely arbitrary, but fixed. 

The ohm is the unit of resistance (R). 

Its value is not absolutely known, but all electricians in 1884 agreed to consider 
it, for ten years, as equal to the resistance of a column of pure mercury 1 square 
millimeter in section and 106 centimeters long at the temperature of melting ice. 

One ohm is that resistance through which one ampere of current will flow at a 
pressure of one volt of E. M. F. 

The megohm = 1,000,000 ohms. 

The ampere is the unit of current strength [C] Its value may be defined as 
that quantity of electricity which flows through one ohm of resistance when impelled 
by one volt of E. M. F. 

One ampere of current flowing through a bath will deposit 0.017253 grain of silver 
or 0.005084 grain of copper per second. 

The coulomb is the unit of quantity [Q], and is the quantity of electricity pass- 
ing per second when the current is one ampere. 

The farad is the unit of capacity [K], and is that capacity that will contain one 
coulomb at a potential of one volt. 

A condenser of one farad capacity, if charged to two volts, will contain two 
coulombs, if to 100 volts, 100 coulombs, etc. 

The microfarad [mfd], = one-millionth of a farad. 

The joule is the unit of work [W]. It is the work done, or heat generated, by a 
watt in a second. It is equal to .7373 foot-pound. 

The watt is the unit of electrical power [P], and is the energy contained in a 
current of one ampere with an electro motive force of one volt. 746 watts =: one 
horse power. A current of 10 amperes, and 74.6 volts will do the work of one horse 
power. 

The Kilowatt (kw) equals to 1000 Watts. 

The E. M. F. is distributed according to the resistance of the various parts of the 
circuit, except where there is counter E. M. F. 

Counter E. M. F. is like back pressure in hydraulics. Thus, to find the 
available E. M. F., or the resulting current against a resistance where there is a 
counter E. M. F., the counter E. M. F. must be deducted. For example : Suppose a 
storage battery with a resistance of .02 ohm and a C. E. M. F. of 15 volts, and you wish 
to charge it with a dynamo which gives an E. M. F. of 20 volts at the battery binding 
posts : there are 20 — 15 = 5 volts working through a resistance of .02 of an ohm with 
consequently a current of 250 amperes. The fall of potential is, however, virtually 20 
volts, and not 5 volts, and the power is 20X250 == 5,000 watts, and not 5X250= 1,250 
watts, as might perhaps be supposed. It is obvious that the C. E. M. F. has acted as 
a true resistance. In the above case 5X250 = 1,250 watts were wasted in overcoming 
the resistance of the storage battery ; and the remaining 3,750 watts were stored up in 
the chemical changes which they brought about in the active material of the storage 
battery. 

Mils = Thousandths of an inch. 

d 2 = circular mils. 

The cii'cular mil is now generally used as the unit of area when considering the 
cross-section of electric conductors, the resistance being inversely, and weight of 
copper directly, proportional to the circular mils. 



267 



DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. 



1-64 : 
1-32 : 

3-64 : 

1-16 : 

5-64 : 
3-32 
7-64 : 

1-8 : 

9-64 : 

5-32 : 
11-64 

3-16 
13-64 : 

7-32 : 
15-64 : 

1-4 : 

17-64 : 

9-32 : 

19-64 : 

5-16 : 

21-64 

11-32 : 

23-64 : 

3-8 : 

25-64 : 
13-32 : 

27-64 : 

7-16 : 

29-64 : 
15-32 : 
31-64 : 

1-2 : 



.015625 
.03125 

: .046875 
.0625 
.078125 
.09375 
.109375 
.125 
.140625 
.15625 
.171875 
.1875 
.203125 
.21875 
.234375 
.25 

.265625 
.28125 
.296875 
.3125 

= .328125 
.34375 
.359375 
.375 
.390625 
.40625 
.421875 
.4375 
.453125 
.46875 
.484375 
.5 



33-64 = 


.515625 


17-32 = 


.53125 


35-64 = 


.546875 


9-16 = 


.5625 


37-64 == 


.578125 


19-32 = 


.59375 


39-64 = 


.609375 


5-8 = 


.625 


41-64 = 


.640625 


21-32 = 


.65625 


43-64 = 


.671875 


11-16 = 


.6875 


45-64 = 


.703125 


23-32 = 


.71875 


47-64 = 


.734375 


3-4 = 


.75 


49-64 = 


.765625 


25-32 = 


.78125 


51-64 = 


.796875 


13-16 = 


.8125 


53-64 = 


.828125 


27-32 = 


.84375 


55-64 = 


.859375 


7-8 = 


.875 


57-64 = 


.890625 


29-32 = 


..90625 


59-64 = 


.921875 


15-16 — 


.9375 


61-64 = 


.953125 


31-32 = 


.96875 


63-64 = 


.984375 


1 = 


1.000000 



TABLE OF CIRCLES. 



Circumferences or areas intermediate of those in the table, may he found 
by simple arithmetical proportion. The diameters, etc., are in inches ; but 
it is plain that if the diameters are taken as feet, yards, etc., the other parts 
will also be in those same measures. 



DlAM. 


Cm- 


Area. 


DlAM. 


ClR- 


AnEA. 


DlAM. 


Cm- 


Area. 


Ins. 


OUMF. 

Ins. 


Sq. Ins. 


Ins. 


CUMF. 

Ins. 


8q. Ins. 


Ins. 


CUMF. 

Ins. 


Sq. Ins. 


1-64 


.049087 


.00019 


1 15-16 


6.08684 


2.9483 


i 15-16 


15.5116 


19.147 


1-32 


.098175 


.01(077 


2. 


6.28319 


3.1416 


5. 


15.7080 


19.635 


3-64 


.147262 


.00173 


1-16 


6.47953 


3.3410 


1-16 


15.9043 


20.129 


1-16 


.196350 


.00307 


1-8 


6.67588 


3.5466 


1-8 


16.1007 


20.629 


3-32 


.294524 


.00690 


3-16 


6.87223 


3.7583 


3-16 


16.2970 


21.135 


1-8 


392699 


.01227 


1-4 


7.06858 


3.9761 


1-4 


16.4934 


21.648 


5-32 


.490874 


.01917 


5-16 


7.26493 


4.2000 


5-16 


16.6897 


22.1C6 


3-16 


.589049 


.02761 


3-8 


7.46128 


4.4301 


3-8 


16.8861 


22.691 


7-32 


.687223 


.03758 


7-16 


7.65763 


4.6664 


7-16 


17.0824 


23.221 


1-4 


7,^5398 


.04909 


1-2 


7.85398 


4.9087 


1-2 


17.2788 


23.758 


9-32 


.8S3573 


.06213 


9-16 


8.05033 


5.1572 


9-16 


17.4751 


24.301 


5-16 


.981748 


.07670 


5-8 


8.24668 


5.4119 


5-8 


17.6715 


24.850 


11-32 


1.07992 


.09281 


11-16 


8.44303 


5.6727 


11-16 


17.8678 


25.406 


3-8 


1.17810 


.11045 


3-4 


8.63938 


5.9396 


3-4 


18.0642 


25.967 


13-32 


1.27627 


.12962 


13-16 


8. 83573 


6.2126 


13-16 


18.2605 


26.535 


7-16 


1.37445 


.15033 


7-8 


9.032(18 ■ 


6.4918 


7-8 


18.4569 


27.109 


15-32 


1.47262 


.17257 


15-16 


9.22843 


6.7771 


15-16 


18.6532 


27.688 


1-2 


1 57080 


.19635 


3. 


9.42478 


7.0686 


6. 


18.8496 


28.274 


17-32 


1.66897 


.22166 


1-16 


9.62113 


7.3662 


18 


19 2423 


29.465 


9-16 


1.76715 


.24850 


1-8 


9.81748 


7.6699 


1-1 


19.6350 


30.680 


19-32 


1 .86532 


.27688 


3-16 


10.0138 


7 9798 


3-8 


20.0277 


31.919 


5-8 


1.96350 


.30680 


1-4 


10.2102 


S.2958 


1-2 


20.4204 


33.183 


21-32 


2 06167 


.33824 


5-16 


10.4065 


8 6179 


5-8 


20.8131 


34.472 


11-16 


2.15984 


.37122 


3-8 


10.6029 


8 9462 


3-4 


21.2058 


35.785 


23-32 


2 25802 


.40574 


7-16 


10.7992 


9.2806 


7-8 


21.5984 


37.122 


3-4 


2.35619 


.44179 


1-2 


10,9956 


9.6211 


7. 


21.9911 


38.485 


25-32 


2.45437 


.47937 


9-16 


11.1919 


9.9678 


1-8 


22.3838 


39.871 


1316 


2.55254 


.51849 


5-8 


11.3883 


10.321 


1-4 


22.7765 


41.282 


27-32 


2.65072 


.55914 


11-16 


11. .5846 


10.680 


3-8 


23.1692 


42.718 


7-8 


2.74889 


.60132 


8-4 


11.7810 


11.045 


1-2 


23.5619 


44.179 


29-32 


2.84707 


.64504 


13-16 


11.9773 


11.416 


5-8 


23.9546 


45.664 


15-16 


2.94524 


.69029 


7*8 


12.1737 


11 .793 


3-4 


24.3473 


47.173 


31-32 


3.04342 


.73708 


15-16 


12.3700 


12.177 


7-8 


24.7400 


48.707 


1. 


3.14159 


.78540 


4. 


12.5664 


12.566 


8. 


25.1327 


50.265 


1-16 


3.33794 


.88664 


1-16 


12.7627 


12.962 


18 


25.5254 


51 .849 


1-8 


3.53429 


.99402 


1-8 


12.9591 


13.364 


1-4 


25.9181 


53.456 


3-16 


3.73064 


1.1075 


3-16 


13.1554 


13.772 


3-8 


26.3108 


55.088 


1-4 


3.92699 


1.2272 


1-4 


13.3518 


14.186 


1-2 


26.7035 


56.745 


5-16 


4.12334 


1.3530 


5-16 


13. .5481 


14.607 


5-8 


27.0962 


58.426 


3-8 


4.31969 


1.4849 


3-8 


13.7445 


15 a33 


3-4 


27.4889 


60.132 


7-16 


4.51604 


1 6230 


7-16 


13.9408 


15.466 


7-8 


27.8816 


61.862 


1-2 


4.71239 


1.7671 


1-2 


14.1372 


15.904 


9. 


28.2743 


63.617 


9- 16 


4.90874 


1.9175 


9-10 


14.3335 


16.349 


1-8 


28.6670 


65.397 


5-8 


5.10509 


2 .0739 


5-8 


14.5299 


16 800 


1-4 


29.0597 


67.201 


11-16 


5.30144 


2.2365 


11-16 


14 7262 


17.257 


3-8 


29.4524 


69.029 


3-4 


5.49779 


2.4053 


3-4 


14.9226 


17.721 


1-2 


29.84511 70.882 


13-16 


5.69414 


2.5802 


13-16 


15.1189 


18.190 


5-8 


30.2378 72.760 


7-8 


5.89049 


2.7612 


7-8 


15 3153 


18.665 


3-4 


30.6305 


74.662 



269 



TABLE OF CIRCLES— Continued. 



DlAM. 


ClR- 


Area. 


DlAM. 


ClR- 


Area. 


Diam. 


ClR- 


Area. 


Ins. 


CUMF. 

Ins. 


Sq. Ins 


Ins. 


CUMF. 
IN9. 


Sq. Ins. 


Ins. 


CUMF. 

Ins. 


Sq. Ins. 


9 7-8 


31.0232 


76.589 


16 3-4 


52.6217 


220.35 


23 5-8 


74.2201 


438.36 


10. 


31.4159 


78.540 


7-8 


53.0144 


223.65 


3-4 


74.6128 443.01 


1-8 


31.8086 


80.516 


17. 


53.4071 


226.98 


7-8 


75.0055! 447.69 


1-4 


32.2013 


82.516 


1-8 


53.7998 


230.33 


24. 


75.3982 452.39 


3-8 


32.5940 


84.541 


1-4 


54.1925 


233.71 


1-8 


75.79091 457.11 
76.1836 461.86 


1-2 


32.9867 


86.590 


3-8 


54.5852 


237.10 


1-4 


5-8 


33.3794 


88.664 


1-2 


54.9779 


240.53 


. 3-8 


76.5763 466.64 


3-4 


33.7721 


90.763 


5-8 


55.3700 


243.98 


1-2 


76.9690 471.44 


7-8 


34.1648 


92.886 


3-4 


55.7633 


247.45 


5-8 


77.3617! 476.26 


11. 


34.5575 


95.033 


7-8 


56.1560 


250.95 


3-4 


77.7544 


481.11 


1-8 


34.9502 


97.205 


18. 


56.5487 


254.47 


7-8 


78.1471 


485.98 


1-4 


35.3429 


99.402 


1-8 


56.9414 


253.02 


25. 


78.5398 


490.87 


3-8 


35.7350 


101.62 


1-4 


57.3341 


261.59 


1-8 


78.9325 


495.79 


1-2 


30.1283 


103.87 


3-8 


57.7268 


265.18 


1-4 


79.3252 


500.74 


5-8 


36.5210 


106.14 


1-2 


58.1195 


268.80 


3-8 


79.7179 


505.71 


3-4 


36.9137 


108.43 


5-8 


58.5122 


272.45 


1-2 


80.1106 


510.71 


7-8 


37.3064 


110.75 


3-4 


58.^049 


276.12 


5-8 


80.5033 


515.72 


12. 


37.6991 


113.10 


7-8 


59.2976 


279.81 


3-4 


80.8960 


520.77 


1-8 


38.0918 


115.47 


19. 


59.6903 


283.53 


7-8 


81.2«87 


525.84 


1-4 


38.4845 


117.86 


1-8 


60.0830 


287,27 


26. 


81.68J4 


530.93 


3-8 


38.8772 


120.28 


1-4 


60.4757 


291.04 


1-8 


82.0741 


536.05 


1-2 


39.2699 


122.72 


3-8 


60.8684 


294.83 


1-4 


82.4668 


541.19 


5-8 


39.6626 


125.19 


1-2 


61.2611 


298.65 


3-8 


82.8595 


546.35 


3-4 


40.0553 


127.63 


5-8 


61.6538 


302.49 


1-2 


83.2522 


551.55 


7-8 


40.4480 


130.19 


3-4 


62.0465 


306.35 


5-8 


83.6449 


556.76 


13. 


40.8407 


132.73 


7-8 


62.4392 


310.24 


3-4 


84.0376 


562.00 


1-8 


41.2334 


135.30 


20. 


62.8319 


314.16 


7-8 


84.4303 


567.27 


1-4 


41.6201 


137.89 


1-8 


63.2246 


318.10 


27. 


84.8230 


572.56 


3-8 


42.0188 


140.50 


1-4 


63.6173 


322.00 


1-8 


85.2157 


577.87 


1-2 


42.4115 


143.14 


3-8 


64.0100 


326.05 


1-4 


85.6084 


583.21 


5-8 


42.8042 


145.80 


1-2 


64.4020 


330.06 


3-8 


80.0011 


588.57 


3-4 


43.1969 


148.49 


58 


64.7953 


a34.io 


1-2 


80.3938 


593.96 


7-8 


43.5896 


151.20 


3-4 


65.1880 


338.16 


5-8 


86.7865 


599.37 


14. 


43.9823 


153.94 


7-8 


65.5807 


342.25 


3-4 


87.1792 


604.81 


1-8 


44.3750 


156.70 


21. 


65.9734 


346.36 


7-8 


87.5719 


610.27 


14 


44.7677 


159.48 


1-8 


66.3661 


350.50 


28. 


87.9646 


615.75 


3-8 


45.1604 


162.30 


\A 


66.7588 


3.54.66 


1-8 


88.3573 


6. ; 1.26 


1-2 


45.5531 


165.13 


3-8 


67.1515 


358.84 


1-4 


88.7500 


626.80 


5-8 


45.9458 


167.99 


12 


67.5442 


363.05 


3-8 


89.1427 


632.36 


3-4 


16 3385 


170.87 


5-8 


67.9369 


367.28 


1-2 


S9.5354! 637.94 


7-8 


46.731-2 


173.78 


3-4 


68.3296 


371.54 


5-8 


89.9281 643.55 


15. 


47.1339 


176.71 


7-8 


68.7223 


375.83 


3-4 


90.3208 649.18 


1-8 


47.5166 


179.67 


22. 


69.1150 


380 13 


7-8 


90.7135, 6.54.84 


1-4 


47 9093 


182.65 


1-8 


69.5077 


381.46 


29. 


91.1002, 1,60.52 


3-8 


48.3020 


185.66 


1-4 


69.9004 


388.82 


18 


91.4989, 066.23 


1-2 


48.6917 


188.69 


3-8 


70.2931 


393.20 


1-4 


91.89161 671.96 
92.2843 677.71 


5-8 


4'.). 0874 


191.75 


1-2 


70.6858 


397.61 


3-8 


3-4 


49.4SOJ 


194.83 


5-8 


71.0785 


402.04 


1-2 


92.6770 683.49 


7-8 


49.872W 


197.93 


3-4 


71.4712 


406.49 


5-8 


93.0697 


689.30 


16. 


50.265:. 


201.06 


7-8 


71.8630 


410.97 


34 


93.1624 


695.13 


1-8 


50.6582 


204.22 


23 


72.2566 


415.48 


7-8 


93.8551 


700.98 


1-4 


5 1.0509 


207.39 


1-8 


72 6103 


420.00 


30. 


94.2478 


706.80 


3-3 


51.4430 


210.00 


1-4 


73.(1120 


424.56 


1 8 


94.6105 712.76 


1-2 


51 .8363 


213.82 


3-S 


73 . 4347 


429.13 


14 


95.0332 718.69 


5-8 


52 2290 


217.08 


12 

>. 


73.8274 


433.74 


3-8 


95.4259 


724 64 



270 



ABSORPTION OF LIGHT BY GLOBES. 






The light cut off by Arc Lamp globes is : — 

Ordinary glass 10% 

Light ground glass .... 30% 
Heavy ground glass . . . . 45 to 50% 
Strong opal glass . . . . 50 to 60% 
The light cut off by Incandescent Lamp bulbs is : — 
Ordinary glass . . . • . 6.5% 

Light ground or frosted glass . . 12% 
According to Paris Exhibition tests, if the horizontal intensity 
in front of an incandescent lamp be taken as 1, the mean intensity 
all round is 0.98. The horizontal intensity at an angle of 45° 
to the front is 1.33. 

THERMOMETERS. 

The following formulae may be found convenient for converting 
thermometic readings of the Centigrade scale to those of Fahren- 
heit, and vice versa. 

C = Centigrade. 9° Fahrenheit scale 

F = Fahrenheit. = 5° Centigrade scale. 



F = 9/5 C -f 32. 
C = 5/9 (F — 32). 



271 



SOLDERING SOLUTIONS. 

1. For outside line wires : — Saturated solution of Zinc, 5 parts, 
Alcohol, 4 parts ; Glycerine, 1 part. 

2. For iron, steel and dirty metals : — Hydrochloric acid (H CI), 
1 part ; Water, 1 part. 



CLEANSING SOLUTION. 

The following solution is used for cleaning dirty metals, such as 
brass or copper. 

Equal parts of Sulphuric acid (H 2 S O4), and Nitric acid (H ISTOs) 
to which add a small quantity of common table salt (Na CI). 

The articles to be cleaned are immersed in this solution and 
afterwards thoroughly washed in hot water. This treatment 
gives them the appearance of new metal. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Absorption of light by Globes, 270 

Air-blast Jets on Arc Dynamos, Directions for setting, . 53 

Alternating Current Dynamos, Connections of, . . . 131 

Alternating Current Dynamo, Dimensions of, . . . 123 

Alternating Current Dynamos, Foundations for, . . 129 

Alternating Current Incandescent Lighting Apparatus, . 117 
Alternating Current Street System, in connection with 

house lighting by Transformers, 139 

Arc Dynamos, Dimensions of, 63 

Arc Dynamo Fields, 71 

Arc Dynamos, Foundations for, 65 

Arc Dynamos, Station Connections, 69 

Arc Dynamos, Testing, 49 

Arc Lamps, Cross Suspension for, Lighting Construction, . 181 

Arc Lamps, Instructions for Kepairing, .... 75 

Arc Lighting Apparatus, ....... 45 

Arc Plug Switchboards, 72 

Assembly and Foundation of Power Generators, . . 201 

Belting, Formulae for, 262 

Bipolar Dynamos, Connections of, 105 

Bipolar Incandescent Dynamo, Dimensions of , . . . 99 

Brushes, Table of, 249 

Carrying Capacity and Resistance of Rheostats, . . . 247 

Carrying Capacity of enclosed wires, 25 

Causes for flashing of Arc Dynamos, 61 

Chimneys, sizes of, with horse power of Boilers, . . 264 

Circles, Table of, 268 

Cleaning Arc Armatures, 58 

Cleansing Solution for Metals, 271 

Combination Wiring Table, Incandescent, .... 9 

Conductors, Forinulss for weight and resistance of, . . 12 



274 

PAGE 

Connections for 1000 volt Alternating Current System, . 137 

Connections of Bipolar Dynamos, 105 

Connections of Spherical Incandescent Dynamos, . . 89 

Connections of Alternating Current Dynamos, . 

Connections of Ground Detectors, 

Connections of Stationary Motors, 

Connections of Thomson Recording Watt Meters, 
Connections of Ring Armatures for Arc Dynamos, . s . 

Connections of Power Generators, 

Connections of Type E Transformers, . 

Connections of Type F Transformers, 

Construction work, Lighting, 

Copper wire, dimensions and resistances of, ... 

Cut-out on Arc Dynamos, Directions for setting, 

Cut-outs, 

Decimal Equivalents, 

Definitions of Electrical Units, 

Dimensions of Alternating Current Dynamos, 
Dimensions and resistances of copper wire, 
Dimensions of Bipolar Incandescent Dynamos, . 

Dimensions of Elevator Motors, 

Dimensions for pole line, Lighting Construction, 

Dimensions of Arc Dynamos, 

Dimensions of Stationary Motors, ..... 

Dimensions of Type E Transformers, 

Dimensions of Type F Transformers, 

Direct Coupled Dynamos for Marine Lighting, . 
Direct Current Incandescent Lighting Apparatus, 
Directions for reading Meter Dials, ..... 
Directions for setting Air-blast Jets on Arc Dynamos, 
Directions for setting Cut-out on Arc Dynamos, 
Double Conversion System for long distance Incandescent 

lighting, 

Drills for screws, sizes of, Morse Gauge, .... 

Efficiencies of Motors, 

Electric Lighting Poles, 

Electrical Units, Definitions of, 

Elevator Motors, Dimensions of, 

Enclosed Wires, Carrying capacity of, 

Equivalent Cross sections of wires, 



275 

PAGE 

Equipments, Station, 39 

Parts required for Arc System, ..... 41 

Parts required for Direct Current Incandescent System, 42 
Parts required for Alternating Current Incandescent 

System, 43 

Exciters for Alternating Current Dynamos, . . . 127 

Fields of Arc Dynamos, 71 

Flashing of Arc Dynamos, Causes for, .... 61 

Formulae for Belting, 262 

Formulae, General, 5 

Formulae for Horse Power of Engines, .... 261 

Formulae for Incandescent Wiring, 6 

Formulae, Lamp, 12 

Formulae for Motor Wiring, .... . . 19 

Formulae for Shafting, 261 

Formulae for Weight of Pipes, 261 

Foundation Dimensions for Alternating Current Incandes- 
cent Dynamos, . . . . . . . 129 

Foundation Dimensions for Arc and Spherical Incandes- 
cent Dynamos, 65 

Fuses, .250 

General Formulae, 5 

General Instructions for the Installation and Care of 

Dynamos, ......... 27 

Ground Detector Connections, 141 

Horse Power of Engines, Formulae for, . . . . 261 

Horse Power of Pulleys, Kule for finding, . . . . 263 

Incandescent Dynamos, Spherical Type, .... 86 

Incandescent Lamps for Arc Circuits, .... 14 

Incandescent Lamps for Alternating Current Street System, 14 

Incandescent Lamps for Multiple Arc Circuits, ... 13 

Incandescent Lamp, The, 85 

Incandescent Lighting Apparatus, Direct Current, . 81 

Incandescent Lighting Apparatus, Alternating Current, . 117 
Incandescent Lighting, Long Distance Double Conversion 

System, 166 

Incandescent Wiring Formulae, 6 

Incandescent Wiring Table, 9 

Installation and care of Dynamos, General Instructions for, 27 
Installation Connection for 1000 volt Alternating Current 

System, 137 



276 

PAGE 

Installation of Transformers on Houses, Lighting Con- 
struction, 187 

Installation of Transformers on Poles, Lighting Construction, 179 
Installation of Type E Lightning Arrester on Pole, Light- 
ing Construction, 189 

Instructions for Installing Thomson Recording Watt Meters, 236 

Instructions for Repairing Arc Lamps, .... 75 

Instructions for Starting an Alternating Current Dynamo, 121 

Keyways for Pulleys, Sizes of, 258 

Lamp Formulae, 12 

Line Construction, Notes on, 194 

Lightning Arresters, Installation of Type E, on Pole, . 189 

Lighting Construction Work, 169 

Long Distance Incandescent Lighting, .... 166 
Loss in Yolts on Lighting or Power Circuits at different 

per cent, losses, 22 

Loss, Per cent, allowable in lines, 11 

Marine Dynamos, 115 

Material required for Single Skeleton Switchboard, . . 151 

Miscellaneous Formulae and Tables, ..... 259 

Motor Efficiencies, 19 

Motor Wiring Formulae, 19 

Notes on Line Construction, 194 

Poles for Electric Light Work, 191 

Pole Line Dimensions, Lighting Construction, . . . 173 

Power Generators, 199 

Pulleys Standard, 257 

Reactive Coils, 248 

Reactive Coil, Diagram of Connections for use in theatres, 165 

Replacing Coils on Ring Armatnres, Directions for, . . 59 

Reversal of Polarity, Arc Dynamos, .... 58 

Ring Armatures, Directions for replacing coils, ... 59 

Ring Armatures for Arc Dynamos, Connections of, . . 67 

Rheostats, ........... 245 

Roof Structures, Lighting Construction, . . . . 183 

Rule for finding the Horse Power of a Pulley, . . . 263 

Shafting, Formulae for, 261 

Slow Speed Direct Current Dynamos, 115 

Soldering Solutions, 271 

Spherical Incandescent Dynamos, Connections, ... 89 



277 

PAGE 

Spherical Incandescent Dynamos, Foundations for, . . 65 

Spherical Incandescent Dynamos, 80 

Standard Pulleys, 257 

Station Connections of one D-62 Generator, 220 volts, . 217 

Station Connections for two Arc Dynamos, ... 09 

Station Equipment, 39 

Parts required for Arc System, 41 

Parts required for Direct Current Incandescent System, 42 
Parts required for Alternating Current Incandescent 

System, 43 

Station Wiring, 197 

Stationary Motors, 219 

Stationary Motors, Dimensions of, 223 

Switchboards, Arc Plug, 72 

Switchboard for Brush Alternating System, . . . 149 

Switchboard Safety for four Alternating Dynamos, . . 147 

Switchboard Skeleton for one Alternating Dynamo, . 143 

Switchboard Skeleton for two Alternating Dynamos, . 145 

Switchboard Skeleton, Material required, .... 151 

Switches, 248 

Table of Circles, 208 

Testing Arc Light Dynamos, 49 

Transformers, 155 

Thermometer Readings, 270 

Three Unit Switchboard Brush Alternating System, . . 149 

Type E Transformers, Connections, 159 

Type F Transformers, Connections, 162 

Type E Transformers, Dimensions, 157 

Type F Transformers, Dimensions, 101 

Volts lost on Lighting or Power Circuits at different per 

cent, losses, 22 

Watt Meters, 231 

Watt Meters, Connections of, 237 

Watt Meters, Instructions for Installing, .... 236 

Weight of Pipes, Formulas for, 261 

Wire Table for 16 c. p. 52 volt Lamps, .... 15 
Wiring Table for 1000 volt Primary Circuits Alternating 

Current System, 17 

Wiring Formula for Motors, 19 

Wiring Table, Incandescent, ... . . . 9 



INDEX TO DIAGRAMS. 



ARC. 

PAGE 

Armature connections — Ring 67 

Connections, M. & K. Lamps 78 

Cut-out — position of brushes 53 

Dimensions of Arc Dynamos 63 

Diagram of circuit 76 

Diagram showing wedge in core of ring armatures 60 

Foundation dimensions 65 

Position of air-blast jets 54 

Position of air-blast jets on M. D. & L. D. Dynamos 55 

Position of air-blast jets on E. H. K. L. M. & P. Dynamos 57 

Station connections 69 

Switchboard connections 73 

ALTERNATING INCANDESCENT. 

Connections A 25 131 

Connections A 50 133 

Connections A 100 135 

Connections of Ground Detectors 141 

Dimensions of Alternating Current dynamos 123 & 125 

Foundation dimensions 129 

Installation connections 1000 volt 137 

Long distance Incandescent lighting system 167 

Street system in connection with house lighting 139 

Skeleton switchboard — one dynamo 143 

Skeleton switchboard — two dynamos 145 

Safety switchboard — four dynamos 147 

Three Unit switchboard, brush system 149 

TRANSFORMERS. 

Connection boards — type E transformers 159 

Connection boards — type F transformers 163 

Dimensions type E transformers 157 

Dimensions type F transformers . . , 161 

DIRECT INCANDESCENT. 

Connections — D \% — T> 15 — 125-volt S. & S. generators 107 

Connections — D 20— D 90 — 125-volt S. & S. generators 109 



PAGE 

Connections — Dl^ — D 15 shunt generators 105 

Connections spherical type, Incandescent Dynamos 89 

Dimensions spherical type, Incandescent Dynamos 87 

Dimensions bipolar generators 99 & 101 

Equalizing connections for two spherical type Incandescent Dynamos in 

multiple 91 

Equalizing connections for two bipolar dynamos in multiple Ill 

Foundations — bipolar generators (see Power Generators) ....... 

Foundations — spherical type 129 

Switchboard for three-wire system 95 

Method of making connections for changing from three to two-wire system . 93 

LIGHTING CONSTRUCTION. 

General Dimensions for Pole line 173 

Position of Cross Arms when turning corners 175 

Installation of Street System brackets 177 

Installation of Transformers on poles . . . i 179 

Cross Suspension for Arc Lamps 181 

Roof Structures 183 

Tree Insulation 185 

Installation of Transformers on houses 187 

Installation of Type E Lightning Arresters on poles 189 

STATIONARY MOTORS. 

Connections for shunt and shunt reversing 227 

Dimensions, Classes 3 to 30 223 

Dimensions, Classes 50 to 220 225 

Dimensions, elevator motors 229 

METERS. 

Connections of Thomson Recording wattmeters 237 

Diagram of dials 240 

POWER GENERATORS. 

Assembly and foundation, D 50 201 

Assembly and foundation, D 62 203 

Assembly and foundation, M. P. 4 — 100— 650 205 

Assembly and foundation, M. P. 4 — 200 — 425 , 207 

• Assembly and foundation, M. P. 4 — 300 — 400 209 

Connections D \ l / 2 to D 15 — 520 and 500 volt S. & S. generators 211 

Connections D 20 to D 90 — 250 volt generators 213 

Connections D 20 to D 90 — 500 volt generators 215 

Foundations. (See assembly and foundation) *. 

Station connections for one D 62 — 220 volt 217 



NOV 3 ! 






